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A guide for selecting the appropriate plot design to measure ungulate browsing

Forest Ecosystems 2023年第6期10卷 732-742页

作者： Suzanne T.S.van Beeck Calkoen Jerome Milch Andrea D.Kupferschmid Christian Fiderer Marco Heurich Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring Bavarian Forest National ParkFreyunger Straße 294481 GrafenauGermany Wildlife Ecology and Management Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgTennenbacher Str.479106 FreiburgGermany Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 1118903 BirmensdorfSwitzerland Faculty of Applied Ecology Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyInstitute for Forest and Wildlife ManagementCampus EvenstadKoppangNorway

ungulate browsing often impairs tree regeneration,thus preventing the achievement of economic or conservation goals.Forest ungulate management would thus benefit from a practical decision tool that facilitates method selection from a wide range of monitoring methods and indicators currently available.In this study,we first provide an overview of the different browsing-impact monitoring methods and indicators currently applied.We then present a newly developed decision matrix for method evaluation that can assist forest stakeholders in choosing the browsing-impact monitoring method best suited to their needs,based on the selected indicators.The first step involved two separate literature reviews to create an overview of the currently applied methods and to select the indicators best suited for measuring browsing impact.Three types of indicator groups with their respective parameters were considered important for method evaluation:browsing indicators(e.***.regeneration density,browsing incidents),performance indicators(e.***.expense,expertise)and data quality indicators(e.***.susceptibility to measurement errors).Subsequently,all parameters defined within each indicator group were categorised and a grade was assigned to each category.To create the final method-indicator matrix,each browsing-impact monitoring method received a grade for each parameter within all indicator groups,reflecting the specific advantages and disadvantages of implementing the respective parameter within a specific method.The utility of the matrix in selecting the most suitable monitoring method was then demonstrated using the example of Germany's national parks.Based on the weights added to the method-indicator matrix,as defined by national park representatives,and considering local requirements the nearest-tree method was favoured over the other two methods.This newly developed matrix provides a more scientific objectification of ungulate browsing-impact measures and can be easily used by forest managers to address their own requirements,based on

关键词： ungulate Browsing impact Monitoring Indicator Decision matrix Forest management

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Assessment of Three Methods for Estimating Abundance of ungulate Populations

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Journal of Forestry Research 1997年第2期8卷 111-114页

作者：陈化鹏李枫王槐马建章贾喜波兰春梅修可岚

The accuracy of three methods (pellet group count, inverse line transect method and track count) for estimat-ing the density of ungulate population was assessed, based on a wapiti population with the known size in the enclosure of500 hm2 on Tonghe Hunting Farm, Heilongjiang province, China, during 1992-1993. The estimation of population densityusing the Pelld group count method was the closeSt to the actual value, whereas the density of the wapiti population wasunderestimated by the inverse line transect method and overestimated by the track count method. No signilicant differenceexisted the estimated and actual values for the pellet group method and the inverse line transed method, but thesignificant differen was found for the track count method. Therefore, it is suggested that the pellet group method should begiven the priority in the survey of ungulate population abundance in practice.

关键词： ungulate Pellet group count Inverse line transect method Track count

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An annotated checklist of mammals of Kenya

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Zoological Research 2019年第1期40卷 3-52页

作者： Simon Musila Ara Monadjem Paul W.Webala Bruce D.Patterson Rainer Hutterer Yvonne A.De Jong Thomas M.Butynski Geoffrey Mwangi Zhong-Zheng Chen Xue-Long Jiang Mammalogy Section Department of Zoology National Museums of Kenya Department of Biological Sciences University of Swaziland Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Maasai Mara University Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversit?t der Tiere Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Karatina University Sino-African Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Kenya has a rich mammalian fauna. We reviewed recently published books and papers including the six volumes of Mammals of Africa to develop an up-to-date annotated checklist of all mammals recorded from Kenya. A total of 390 species have been identified in the country, including 106 species of rodents,104 species of bats, 63 species of even-toed ungulates(including whales and dolphins), 36 species of insectivores and carnivores, 19 species of primates,five species of elephant shrews, four species of hyraxes and odd-toed ungulates, three species of afrosoricids, pangolins, and hares, and one species of aardvark, elephant, sirenian and hedgehog. The number of species in this checklist is expected to increase with additional surveys and as the taxonomic status of small mammals(e.g., bats, shrews and rodents) becomes better understood.

关键词： Checklist Rodents Bats ungulate Carnivores Shrews Kenya

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A mechanistic understanding of repellent function against mammalian herbivores

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 334-341页

作者： Rebecca S.Stutz Louisan Verschuur Olof Leimar Ulrika A.Bergvall Department of Zoology Stockholm UniversitySE-10691 StockholmSweden GrimsӧWildlife Research Station Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE-73091 RiddarhyttanSweden

Background:Browsing repellents are widely used to deter large herbivores from consuming plants of ecological,economic and aesthetic importance.Understanding how these repellents function on a behavioural mechanistic level is critical to predicting effectiveness.Here,we illustrate how these mechanisms can be tested,by exposing a model mammalian herbivore,the fallow deer,to different concentrations of a commercial chemical repellent(HaTe2)in two-choice feeding trials.Results:The repellent acted as a defensive chemical for the food by both reducing visitation and the amount consumed.Deer favoured the less defended feeders before ingesting any food,suggesting that the repellent altered olfactory and/or visual cues.Deer also consumed less of the more defended food when choosing between low and high repellent feeders than no and low repellent feeders,indicating that the repellent modified flavour and/or sensation.Repellent effectiveness declined with increased exposure,suggesting that consumption had no negative post-ingestive effects,and thus,deterrence was not caused by a conditioned aversion or irritation.Instead,this pattern suggests that deer learned,through repeated sampling of repellent-treated food,that there was no adverse physiological effect of ingesting it.Conclusions:These results imply that HaTe2 repellent will not be effective over prolonged periods or in the absence of alternative untreated food.Understanding the mechanisms driving repellent function using two-choice trials could help practitioners decide whether a particular repellent is likely to be effective against mammalian herbivory in their management scenario.

关键词： Browse Foraging decisions Forestry ungulate Wildlife damage

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Forest pasturing of livestock in Norway: effects on spruce regeneration

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第4期25卷 941-945页

作者： Olav Hjeljord Trond Hist?l Hilde Karine Wam Norwegian University of Life Sciences Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Box 5003 1432 ?s Norway Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research Organic Food and Farming Division Gunnarsveg 6 6630 Tingvoll Norway

Forest pasturing of free-roaming livestock is a common prac- tice in many parts of the world, but knowledge on how it affects tree regeneration in boreal forests is lacking. We mapped tree density, live- stock site use and accumulated damage to young trees of commercial interest （Norway spruce, Picea abies L. Karst.） on 56 clearcuts inside and outside a fenced forest area used for livestock pasturing in Ringsaker, Norway. Inside the fence 56-1.8% of spruce trees were damaged com- pared to 37-3.4% outside. Proportion of damaged spruce trees was posi- tively related to cattle use of the clearcut, but not so for sheep. On the most intensively used clearcuts, four out of five trees were damaged. The density of deciduous trees was five times lower inside compared to out- side of the fence （varying with plant species）. While livestock grazing may reduce resource competition in favour of spruce, the current animal density clearly is impeding forest regeneration in the study area.

关键词： browsing cattle damage timber sheep ungulate

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Status and distribution of ungulates in Xinjiang,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2011年第1期3卷 49-60页

作者： XingYi GAO WenXuan XU WeiKang YANG David A BLANK JianFang QIAO KeFen XU Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Institute of Zoology Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences Almaty 050010 Kazakhstan

Based on a long-term field investigation and other research results, we reviewed the status and distribution of ungulates in Xinjiang, China. The ungulates in Xinjiang included 19 ungulate species （30 subspecies） from 6 families and 2 orders. Among them, 3 species （2 subspecies） relate to Equidae （Per- risodactyla）, and 16 species （28 subspecies） are from 5 families of Artiodactyla. In this paper, we analyzed the conservation status of most rare and important 13 ungulate species. Firstly, we proposed the protec- tion of genetic diversity of Camelus ferus and the distribution areas of Moschus sifanicus, Procapra przewalskii and Saiga tatarica in Xinjiang. We found that Moschus sifanicus but not Procapra przewalskii distributed in Xinjiang. It was not clear whether the remnant populations of Saiga tatarica existed in Xinjiang and China-Kazakhstan border or not. We discussed that the protection level and rational use of Capra si- birica and enhancing protection level and enlarging monitoring and research projects for Pantholops hodgsoni and Gazella subgutturosa. And we would like to suggest Forestry Department to develop the captive breeding of Tibetan antelope for rational use. In addition, the captive breeding of Cervus elaphus in Xinjiang was reviewed. Local government should lessen strong control to Cervus elaphus because of many breeding centers＇ establishment.

关键词： Xinjiang of China ungulate species and distribution status

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The evidence of fossil carbon isotopes of the climatic event at the beginning of Quaternary

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第5期44卷 477-480页

作者： Tao Deng Xiangxu Xue Junshe Dong Chinese Acad Sci Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol Beijing 100044 Peoples R China NW Univ Xian Dept Geol Xian 710069 Peoples R China

Tooth enamel of mammalian fossils can efficiently preserve the original carbon isotopic composition when they lived. The ungulate fossils, especially equids in the early Early Pleistocene Bajiazui fauna from Qingyang, Gansu are studied. According to the enriched relation of carbon isotopes between mammalian tooth enamel and grass diets, the fractions of C3 and C4 plants in this region at that time are reconstructed, which indicates that C3 grass occupied a dominant position. Because C3 grass adapts itself to cold and damp climates, our analytic results show that the time of the Bajiazui fauna was in a critical state between a glacial stage beginning and a summer monsoon retreat, and it was a reflection to the turning cold event of the global climate at the beginning of the Quaternary.

关键词： climatic event Quaternary ungulate carbon isotope.

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comCharacteristics of browsed aspen forests following wildfire and implications for management:a case study

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第6期10卷 949-957页

作者： James R.Biggs Dawn M.VanLeeuwen Jerry L.Holechek Sherri L.Sherwood Raul Valdez Forestry Program Natural Resources Management DepartmentNew Mexico Highlands UniversityLas VegasNew Mexico 87701USA Agricultural Biometric Service New Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico 88003USA Department Animal and Range Sciences New Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico 88003USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNew Mexico 87545USA Department Fishery and Wildlife Sciences New Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico 88003USA

Aims Recognizing ungulate browsing thresholds between viable and declining aspen(Populus tremuloides Michx.)stands are critical to ensuring long-term persistence of this biologically important plant community.Studies have shown declines in vigor and regeneration when as few as 30%of current annual twigs are browsed while other studies have shown higher limits.Although the effects of ungulate herbivory are of concern in aspen forests,few studies have assessed browsing effects following wildfire and few criteria exist for deter-mining potential effects of ungulate browsing on aspen forests fol-lowing wildfire.We evaluated the effects of ungulate abundance and foraging intensity on regenerating aspen 1 to 6 years post-fire and assessed the use of abundance and foraging intensity indicators in predicting impacts to regenerating aspen.Rocky Mountain elk(Cervus elaphus nelson)was the primary ungulate in the study area.Methods The study area was located within the 17500 ha cerro Grande Fire burn area in the Jemez Mountains,New Mexico,USA.We used percent aspen twigs browsed and pellet-group counts to evaluate relationships between these indicators and aspen patch structure(height,size).We collected data in randomly generated 3×33 m plots 5-6 years post-fire.We also established 4 fenced exclosures(25×55 m and 3.3 m in height)with paired unfenced plots 1-year post-fire to monitor aspen regeneration.Each spring,we recorded percent browsed twigs from the previous fall through the early spring period which coincided with the highest ungulate use period within the study area.We assessed associations between percent twigs browsed and pellet-group density and patch size and height of aspen using Spearman’s correlation coefficients.Important Findings Mean percent twigs browsed and ungulate pellet-group density across the burn area was≤31%and 1 pellet-group 100 sq m−1,respectively.Patch size and height decreased with increasing browsing and pellet-group density 5-6 years post-fire.However,mean aspen heights were approaching or exc

关键词： ungulate regeneration transitory range pellet-group foraging

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