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Prey-mediated effects of mCry51Aa2-producing cotton on the predatory nontarget bug Orius majusculus(Reuter)

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Insect Science 2023年第4期30卷 1191-1206页

作者： Anja Boss Jorg Romeis Michael Meissle Research Division Agroecology and Environment AgroscopeZurichSwitzerland Institute of Plant Sciences University of BernBernSwitzerland

Genetically engineered(GE)cotton,MON 88702,is protected against cer-tain sucking pests,such as plant bugs and thrips,by producing mCry51Aa2,a mod-ified protein from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt).Predatory pirate bugs(Orius spp.),natural enemies contributing to biological pest control,are also sensitive to the insecti-cidal protein when exposed continuously to high concentrations.We evaluated effects of MON 88702 on Orius majusculus when fed prey types with different mCry51Aa2 concen-trations.When neonates were provided exclusively Tetranychus urticae spider mites reared on MON 88702(high mCry51Aa2 content),adverse effects on predator survival and de-velopment were confirmed,compared with specimens fed prey from near-isogenic non-Bt cotton.When fed a mixture of T.urticae and Ephestia kuehniella eggs(mCry51Aa2-free),predator life table parameters were similar to the treatment where eggs were fed exclu-sively.When mCry51Aa2-containing spider mites were provided for a limited time at the beginning or the end of juvenile development,effects were less pronounced.While pirate bug nymphs showed similar consumption rates for prey from Bt and non-Bt cotton,choice experiments revealed a preference for E.kuehniella eggs over spider mites.Lepidopteran larvae(Spodoptera littoralis,high mCry51Aa2 content)or cotton aphids(Aphis gossypii,mCry51Aa2-free)reared on MON 88702 as alternative prey did not result in adverse ef-fects on O.majusculus.Our study suggests limited risk of mCry51Aa2-producing cotton for O.majusculus,because its sensitivity for the Bt protein is relatively low and its natural food consists of diverse prey species with varying concentrations of Bt protein.

关键词： ecosystem services environmental risk assessment enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay(ELISA) genetically modified crops Heteroptera Anthocoridae tritrophic interactions

Effect of plant nutrition on aphid size, prey consumption, and life history characteristics of green lacewing

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Insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 74-82页

作者： Muhammad A. Aqueel Catherine M. Collins Abu-bakar M. Raza Shahbaz Ahmad Muhammad Tariq Simon R. Leather Division of Ecology & Evolution Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY United Kingdom Department of Entomology University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Institute of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab Punjab Department of Entomology PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Pakistan

Plant quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic level. The predation by all the instars of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea （S.）（Neuroptera： Chrysopidae） on the cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi （L.）, and Sitobion avenae （F.） at varying nitrogen fertilizer levels was calculated under laboratory conditions. Wheat plants were grown on four nitrogen fertilizer levels and aphids were fed on these plants and subsequently offered as food to the C. carnea. Aphid densities of 10, 30, and 90 were offered to first, second, and third instar larvae of green lacewing. Increased nitrogen application improved nitrogen contents of the plants and also the body weight of cereal aphids feeding on them. Aphid consumption by green lacewings was reduced with the increase in nitrogen content in the host plants of aphids. Predation of both aphid species by first, second, and third instars larvae of C. carnea was highest on aphids reared on plants with the lowest rate of fertilization, suggesting a compensatory consumption to overcome reduced biomass （lower aphid size）. Total biomass devoured by C. carnea on all nitrogen fertilizer treatments was not statistically different. Additionally, the heavier host prey influenced by the plant nutrition had an effect on the life history characteristics of green lacewings. The larval duration, pupal weight, pupal duration, fecundity, and male and female longevity were significantly affected by the level of nitrogen fertilization to the aphid＇s host plants, except for pupal duration when fed on S. avenae. This study showed that quantity of prey supplied to the larvae affects the prey consumption and thereafter the life history characteristics of green lacewings.

关键词： Chrysoperla carnea host plant nutrition tritrophic interactions

Internal dispersal of seed-inhabiting insects by vertebrate frugivores:a review and prospects

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第3期6卷 213-221页

作者： Ángel HERNÁNDEZ Department of Agroforestry University of ValladolidPalenciaSpain

The finding that some seed-inhabiting insects can survive passage through the entire digestive tract of seed-dispersing vertebrates is relatively recent,but evidence suggests that it does occur.Here,I document this phenomenon,discuss its qualitative and quantitative dimensions,and offer suggestions for further research.The few documented cases that I review include plant species belonging to different families,with varied fleshy fruit types,number of seeds per fruit and seed size.The vertebrate frugivores involved include passerines that feed on relatively small fruits,and galliforms,and perissodactyls and primates that feed on larger fruits.The seed-inhabiting insects in-volved are the larvae of seed-infesting wasps,parasitoid wasps and seed-infesting beetles.The phenomenon has been verified in open,rural ecosystems in North America and Southern Europe,and in tropical and subtropical forests in South America.These varied scenarios suggest that the qualitative dimension of the phenomenon is considerably greater than known thus far.A simple method for detecting new events is proposed.However,re-search must also focus on the identity and biology of seed-feeding insects of wild fleshy fruits and their parasitoids.High survival rates of seed-inhabiting insects after vertebrate gut passage are predominant.This phenomenon generally appears to favor insect dispersal.

关键词： digestion-resistant insects endozoochory frugivory tetratrophic interactions tritrophic interactions

Slow-growth high-mortality： A meta-analysis for insects

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Insect Science 2018年第2期25卷 337-351页

作者： Ke-Wei Chen1 and Yigen Chen2 College of Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California One Shields Avenue Davis California USA

The slow growth-high mortality hypothesis （SG-HG） predicts that slower growing herbivores suffer greater mortality due to a prolonged window of vulnerability. Given diverse plant-herbivore-natural enemy systems resulting from different feeding ecologies of herbivores and natural enemies, this hypothesis might not always be applicable to all systems. This is evidenced by mixed support from empirical data. In this study, a meta- analysis of the SG-HM hypothesis for insects was conducted, aiming to find conditions that favor or reject SG-HM. The analysis revealed significant within- and between-group heterogeneity for almost a11 explanatory variables and overall did not support SG-HM. In this analysis, SG-HM was supported when any of the following 5 conditions was met：（1） host food consisted of artificial diet; （2） herbivore growth was measured as larval mass; （3） herbivores were generalists; （4） no or multiple species of natural enemies were involved in the study; and （5） parasitoids （i.e., parasitic insects） involved in the study were gregarious. SG-HM was rejected when any of the following 5 conditions was met：（1） herbivores were from the order Hymentoptera; （2） parasitoids from more than 1 order caused herbivore mortality; （2） parasitoids were specialists; （3） parasitoids were solitary; （4） parasitoids were idiobionts or koinobionts; and （5） single species of natural enemy caused mortality of specialist herbivores. All known studies investigated herbivore mortality for a short period of their life cycle. Researchers are encouraged to monitor herbivore mortality during the entire window of susceptibility or life cycle using life tables. Studies involving multiple mortality factors （i.e., both biotic and abiotic） or multiple natural enemy species are also encouraged since herbivores in nature face a multitude of risks during the entire life cycle. More comprehensive studies may increase our understanding of factors influencing the relationships between herbivore growth and mortality.

关键词： feeding ecology natural enemy parasitoid predator tritrophic interactions

Effects of plant trichomes on herbivores and predators on soybeans

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Insect Science 2010年第5期17卷 406-413页

作者： Hongjun Dai Yi Wang Yuzhou Du Jianqing Ding Wuhan Botanical Institute/Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China

tritrophic interaction in soybean system has received increasing attention recently. However, few studies have investigated the influence of plant trichomes on the population dynamics of soybean herbivores and their natural enemies. We conducted a field survey to investigate whether soybean trichomes affected the abundance of herbivores and their predators. The results of this study show that moderately or densely pubescent trichomes have positive influences on the abundance of some herbivores （e.g., Stollia guttiger） and predators （e.g., Propylaeajaponica and Orius similes） although the influence may change over time, while trichome types do not affect the density of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines.

关键词： biological control trichome tritrophic interactions