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Behavioral differences between pit-building antlions and wormlions suggest limits to convergent evolution

Integrative Zoology 2023年第4期18卷 710-719页

作者： Krzysztof MILER Inon SCHARF Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland School of Zoology The George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael

Antlions and wormlions are distantly related insect taxa,both digging pits in loose soil and ambushing arthropod *** hunting method,which is rare in the animal kingdom,is a clear example of convergent *** is little research directly comparing the 2 pit-building *** the same experimental platform to investigate how they respond to biotic and abiotic environmental factors enables an examination of their convergence and its *** investigated the response of antlions and wormlions to 3 factors common in their daily life:disturbance to the pits,prey arrival,and conspeciﬁc *** both increased the pit size following disturbance,wormlions increased it faster than *** responded to prey faster than wormlions,but wormlions im-proved their response time over *** most diverging response was toward conspeciﬁ*** antlions relocated their pits fast in response to increasing conspeciﬁc density,wormlions never *** suggest expla-nations for the behavioral differences between the *** results imply that despite the similar hunting method of the 2 taxa they may differ greatly in their behavior,which in turn might have consequences for their habitat use and population dynamics.

关键词： antlion convergence sit-and-wait predators trap-building wormlion

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Wormlions prefer both fine and deep sand but only deep sand leads to better performance

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 393-400页

作者： Michael A Bar-Ziv Darar Bega Aziz Subach Inon Scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Wormlions are small fly larvae that dig pits in loose soil to trap their prey. Similar to other trapbuilding predators, like spiders and antlions, they depend on the habitat structure for successful trap construction and prey catch. We examined whether sites at which wormlions are present differ in sand depth and particle size from nearby sites, at which wormlions are absent. Next, in the laboratory we manipulated both sand depth and type (fine vs. coarse) to determine their joint effect on microhabitat pref ere nee, the size of the con structed pit, wormlion movement, and their latency to respond to prey. We expected better performance by wormlions in fine and deep sand, and the sand in wormlions' natural sites to be finer and deeper. However, in only partial agreement with our expectations, wormlion sites featured finer sand but not deeper sand. In the laboratory, wormlions preferred both fine and deep sand, and moved more in shallow and coarse sand, which we interpret as an attempt to relocate away from unfavorable conditions. However, only deep sand led to larger pits being constructed and to a faster response to prey. The preference for fine sand could, therefore, be related to other ben efits that sand provides. Fin ally, body mass was a domi nant factor, interacting with the preference for both deep and fine sand: deep over shallow sand was more favored by large wormlions and fine over coarse sand by smaller ones. Our results suggest that several factors should be incorporated when studying microhabitat selection.

关键词： antlions habitat selection habitat structure substrate trap-building predators Vermileo

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Heat stress during development makes antlion larvae more responsive to vibrational cues

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Current Zoology 2022年第3期68卷 345-350页

作者： Krzysztof MILER Marcin CZARNOLESKI Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of SciencesSławkowska 17Kraków 31-016Poland Institute of Environmental Sciences Faculty of BiologyJagiellonian University30-387 KrakówPoland

We investigated the effects of heat stress on the responsiveness to vibrational cues,our measure of perceptual ability,in Myrmeleon bore antlion larvae(Neuroptera:Myrmeleontidae).We reared these trap-building predatory larvae under 2 heat stress regimes(mild,30°C,and harsh,36°C),and after they progressed from one instar stage to another,we tested their perceptual ability in common unchallenging *** hypothesized that exposure to the harsh heat stress regime would impose costs resulting in handicapped vibration *** found that the harsh heat stress regime generated more stressful conditions for the larvae,as evidenced by increased mortality and postponed molting,and the loss of body mass among larger ***,among the individuals who remained alive,those originating from the harsh heat stress regime were characterized by higher vibration *** results suggest 2 not mutually exclusive *** heat stress conditions can sieve out individuals characterized by poor perceptual ability or surviving individuals can attempt to hunt more efficiently to compensate for the physiological imbalance caused by heat *** of these mechanisms fit into the ongoing debate over how adaptation and plasticity contribute to shaping insect communities exposed to heat stress.

关键词： antlion Myrmeleon bore heat stress perception trap-building vibration

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Comparison of wormlion behavior under man-made and natural shelters:urban wormlions more strongly prefer shaded,fine-sand microhabitats,construct larger pits and respond faster to prey

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 91-98页

作者： Yehonatan SAMOCHA Inon SCHARF School of Zoology Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany

Urban habitats differ from their natural surroundings in various aspects,such as a higher temperature and a distinct species *** is therefore not surprising that animal behavior too differs between these habitat *** studied the foraging and habitat selection behavior of a pit-building predator,a wormlion,originating from either an urban or a more natural *** occur in nature under structures that provide shelter from sunlight and rain,such as caves,and are also common in cities,occurring under artificial *** construct pittraps to hunt arthropods,and the pits constructed by urban wormlions were larger than those constructed by wormlions from *** wormlions responded faster to prey falling into their pit,probably leading to a higher capture *** suggest that these 2 findings indicate the higher investment of urban wormlions in foraging,resulting from the higher abundance of potential prey in the *** wormlions were choosier regarding their preferred *** both fine sand and shaded microhabitats were preferred by wormlions,urban wormlions demonstrated a greater preference for such *** suggest that relocation is more likely to lead wormlions in cities to find microhabitats of a higher quality compared with wormlions inhabiting *** is probably due to the larger areas in the city available for *** from the caves possessed more lipids,suggesting that they employ a conservative growth strategy,intended to contend with the uncertainty of prey arrival,in contrast to the city,where potential prey are more abundant.

关键词： antiions habitat selection habitat structure optimal foraging trap-building predators

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