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Advances in research of HIV transmission networks

Chinese Medical Journal 2020年第23期133卷 2850-2858页

作者： Zhi-Long Dong George Fu Gao Fan Lyu National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206China

transmission network analysis is a crucial evaluation tool aiming to explore the characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic,develop evidence-based prevention strategies,and contribute to various areas of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention and *** recent decades,transmission networks have made tremendous strides in terms of modes,methods,applications,and various other *** network methods,including social,sexual,and molecular transmission networks,have played a pivotal *** transmission network research method has its advantages,as well as its *** this study,we established a systematic review of these aforementioned transmission networks with respect to their definitions,applications,limitations,recent progress,and synthetic applications.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus HIV transmission networks Social network Sexual network Molecular transmission network Molecular epidemiology

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Time Synchronization for transmission Substations Using GPS and IEEE 1588

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2016年第3期2卷 91-99页

作者： Peter A Crossley Hao Guo Zhao Ma School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Manchester(ManchesterM139PL)UK China Electric Power Research Institute Bejing 100192China

Time synchronization systems that utilize the global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)are widely used in the monitoring,control,and protection of transmission *** ensure that phasor measurement units(PMUs)can accurately monitor voltage phase angles,increase the accuracy of fault locators,enhance the capabilities of disturbance recorders,and allow differential feeder protection to use re-routable communication ***,concern about the reliability of GNSS receivers used in intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)have been reported;problems include mal-operations of differential protection,erroneous satellite timing/location messages,inappropriate installations,and blocking of satellite signals due to illegal use of GNSS jammers in *** now require a timing system less dependent on the use of low cost GNSS receivers integrated into IEDs,but one that uses Grandmaster clocks,slave and transparent clocks,and an Ethernet communication *** IEEE 1588-2008 synchronization protocol uses the Ethernet to disseminate a global time reference around a substation.A future substation will probably include duplicate 1588 grandmasters,each incorporating stable oscillators with GNSS and terrestrial receivers,in conjunction with a 1588 compliant Ethernet data network with slave and transparent clocks,and redundancy boxes for interfacing with *** IEEE 1588 protocol is promising for future substation automation systems,its performance and impact has to be fully evaluated before it can be used in real *** paper describes how an IEEE 1588 time synchronization testbed is designed,constructed,and *** involves measuring the time offset when the Ethernet is heavily loaded with other traffic and the holdover capability of 1588 *** delay introduced by IEEE 1588 traffic is also *** there is limited testing on GPS receivers within the power industry,this paper also uses the testbed to evaluate the steady s

关键词： GNSS GPS IEDs IEEE 1588 substations time synchronization transmission networks

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Novel Algorithm for Estimating the Distance of Open-Conductor Faults in HV transmission Lines

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2012年第8期6卷 1301-1307页

作者： Mahmoud Gilany Ahmed Al-Kandari Bahaa Hassan Department of Electrical Engineering College of Technological Studies Shuwaikh 70654 Kuwait Egyptian Electricity Authority Egypt

This paper presents an ANN （artificial neural networks）-based technique for improving the performance of distance relays against open-circuit faults in transmission networks. The technique utilizes the small capacitive current measured in the open-phase plus the currents in the two healthy phases in calculating the open-circuit fault distance. The results obtained show that a distance relay with the proposed scheme will not only be able to detect the open-conductor condition in HVTL （high voltage transmission line） but also to locate the place of this fault regardless the value of the pre-fault current loading. There is no need for especial communication schemes since the existing media could work properly for the needs of the proposed technique.

关键词： Distance relay open-conductor ANN transmission networks fault location.

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