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THE transition probability MATRIX OF A MARKOV CHAIN MODEL IN AN ATM NETWORK

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2003年第4期16卷 506-512页

作者： YUEDequan ZHANGHuachen TUFengsheng DepartmentofStatistics YanshanUniversityQinhuangdao066004China DepartmentofAutomation NankaiUniversityTianfin300071China

In this paper we consider a Markov chain model in an ATM network, which has been studied by Dag and Stavrakakis. On the basis of the iterative formulas obtained by Dag and Stavrakakis, we obtain the explicit analytical expression of the transition probability matrix. It is very simple to calculate the transition probabilities of the Markov chain by these expressions. In addition, we obtain some results about the structure of the transition probability matrix, which are helpful in numerical calculation and theoretical analysis.

关键词： markov chain transition probability matrix ATM network.

A Game-Theoretic Approach to Safe Crowd Evacuation in Emergencies

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第4期79卷 1631-1657页

作者： Maria Gul Imran Ali Khan Gohar Zaman Atta Rahman Jamaluddin Mir Sardar Asad Ali Biabani May IssaAldossary Mustafa Youldash Ashraf Saadeldeen Maqsood Mahmud Asiya Abdus Salam Dania Alkhulaifi Abdullah AlTurkey31Department of Computer Science COMSATS University IslamabadAbbottabad CampusAbbottabad22010Pakistan Department of Computer Science Abbottabad University of Science and TechnologyAbbottabad22010Pakistan Department of Computer Science College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Science and Technology Unit Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah21955Saudi Arabia Deanship of Scientific Research Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah21955Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Information Systems College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer Science and Information TechnologyImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal UniversityP.O.Box 1982Dammam31441Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computer Science and Information TechnologyOmdurman Islamic UniversityOmdurman14415Sudan Business Analytic Program Department of Management and MarketingCollege of Business AdministrationUniversity of BahrainSakhir32038Bahrain

Obstacle removal in crowd evacuation is critical to safety and the evacuation system efficiency. Recently, manyresearchers proposed game theoreticmodels to avoid and remove obstacles for crowd evacuation. Game theoreticalmodels aim to study and analyze the strategic behaviors of individuals within a crowd and their interactionsduring the evacuation. Game theoretical models have some limitations in the context of crowd evacuation. Thesemodels consider a group of individuals as homogeneous objects with the same goals, involve complex mathematicalformulation, and cannot model real-world scenarios such as panic, environmental information, crowds that movedynamically, etc. The proposed work presents a game theoretic model integrating an agent-based model to removethe obstacles from exits. The proposed model considered the parameters named: (1) obstacle size, length, andwidth, (2) removal time, (3) evacuation time, (4) crowd density, (5) obstacle identification, and (6) route *** proposed work conducts various experiments considering different conditions, such as obstacle types, obstacleremoval, and several obstacles. Evaluation results show the proposed model’s effectiveness compared with existingliterature in reducing the overall evacuation time, cell selection, and obstacle removal. The study is potentially usefulfor public safety situations such as emergency evacuations during disasters and calamities.

关键词： Safe crowd evacuation public safety emergency transition probability cooperation

transition probabilities and lifetimes of the low-lying levels of Fe XIV

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Chinese Physics B 2012年第6期21卷 141-149页

作者：范建中汪青敏常志伟董晨钟 Fundamental Department Taiyuan Normal University Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics and Functional Material of Gansu Province College of Physics and Electronic EngineeringNorthwest Normal University

The multi-configuration Dirac-Fock method is employed to calculate the transition energies, probabilities, and oscillator strengths for electric dipole allowed （El） and forbidden （M1, E2, M2） lines for the 3s^23p, 3s3p^2, 3s^23d, 3p^3, and 3s3p3d configurations of Fe XIV. The lifetimes of all 40 levels of these low-lying configurations are also derived. The valence valence and core-valence correlation effects are accounted for in a systematic way. Breit interactions and quantum electrodynamics （QED） effects are estimated in subsequent relativistic configuration interaction （CI） calculations. The present results are in good agreement with other available theoretical and experimental values, and therefore can be used for the further astrophysical investigations.

关键词： transition probability lifetime Fe XIV

Development of diabetic complications and influencing factors among 32653 type 2 diabetes patients:retrospective cohort study using a multi-state Markov

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Medical Data Mining 2024年第2期7卷 1-8页

作者： Shu-Yuan Shi Hou-Yu Zhao Zhi-Ke Liu Ruo-Gu Meng Peng Shen Si-Yan Zhan Hong-Bo Lin Feng Sun Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijing 100191China China Rehabilitation Science Institute Center for Prevention and Control of Disability of China Disabled Persons FederationBeijing 100068China National Institute of Health Data Science Peking UniversityBeijing 100191China Yinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention Ningbo 315100China

Background:Patients with type 2 diabetes are at high risk for developing multiple chronic ***,there is a lack of studies of the cumulative number of diabetic complications in ***:A retrospective cohort study was performed from 2009 to *** 2 diabetes patients who were first diagnosed after the age of 35 years between January 1,2009,and December 31,2017,were *** states were defined according to the number of chronic complications:no(S0),one(S1),two(S2),three(S3),and four or more complications(S4).A multi-state Markov model was constructed to estimate transition probability,transition intensity,mean sojourn time,and the possible factors for each ***:The study included 32653 type 2 diabetes patients(mean age,59.59 years;15929(48.8%)male),and mean follow-up time of 7.75 *** all,4375 transitions were *** 12-year transition probability of from state S0 to S1 was the lowest at 16.4%,while that from S2 to S3 was the highest,at 45.6%.Higher fasting blood glucose,lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,higher total cholesterol,and an unhealthy diet were associated with higher risk of progression from S0 to *** female,less than 60 years old,weekly physical activity,and vegetarian diet decreased this *** female and less than 60 years old reduced the likelihood of transition from S1 to S2,whereas lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased this ***:Following the occurrence of two complications in type 2 diabetes patients,the risk for accumulating a third complication within a short time is significantly *** is important to take advantage of the stable window period when patients have fewer than two complications,strengthen the monitoring of blood glucose and blood lipids,and encourage patients to maintain good living habits to prevent further deterioration.

关键词： multi-state Markov model transition probability type 2 diabetes diabetic chronic complications

Extreme ultraviolet and x-ray transition wavelengths in Rb XXIV

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第10期24卷 115-126页

作者： Indu Khatri Arun Goyal Sunny Aggarwal A.K.Singh Man Mohan Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Department of Physics Shyamlal CollegeUniversity of Delhi Department of Physics D.D.U.CollegeUniversity of Delhi

Energy levels, radiative rates, oscillator strengths and line strengths are reported for transitions among the lowest 97 levels of the（1s22s22p6） 3s23p2, 3s23p3 d, 3s3p3, 3p4, 3s3p23 d, and 3s23d2 configurations of Rb XXIV. A multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock（MCDF） method is adopted for the calculations. Radiative rates, oscillator strengths, and line strengths are provided for all electric dipole（E1）, magnetic dipole（M1）, electric quadrupole（E2）, and magnetic quadrupole（M2）transitions from the ground level to all 97 levels, although calculations are performed for a much larger number of *** achieve the accuracy of the data, comparisons are provided with similar data obtained from the Flexible Atomic Code（FAC） and also with the available theoretical and experimental results. Our energy levels are found to be accurate to better than 1.2%. Wavelengths calculated are found to lie in EUV（extreme ultraviolet） and x-ray regions. Additionally, lifetimes for all 97 levels are obtained for the first time.

关键词： atomic data energy levels transition probability

New atomic data for Kr XXXV useful in fusion plasma

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Chinese Physics B 2013年第3期22卷 282-288页

作者： Sunny Aggarwal Jagjit Singh Man Mohan Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi

Energy levels and emission line wavelengths of high-Z materials are useful for impurity diagnostics due to their potential application in the next generation fusion *** this purpose,we have calculated the fine structural energies of the 67 levels belonging to the 1s 2,1s2l,1s3l,1s4l,1s5l,and 1s6l configurations of Kr XXXV using GRASP（general purpose relativistic atomic structure package） ***,we have reported the transition probabilities,oscillator strengths,line strengths,and transition wavelengths for some electric dipole（E1） transitions among these *** predict new energy levels and radiative rates,which have not been reported experimentally or theoretically,forming the basis for future experimental work.

关键词： atomic data general purpose relativistic atomic structure package(GRASP) code transition probability

Determination of the 5d6p 3F4-5d2 3F transition probabilities of Ba I

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Frontiers of physics 2012年第2期7卷 235-238页

作者：仲嘉琪余庚华王谨詹明生 State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China Center for Cold Atom Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Whether the transitions between 6s5d 3D and 5d6p 3F can be used for laser cooling of barium heavily depends upon the transition probabilities of 5d6p 3F-5d2 3F. Taking the transition 6s5d 3D3-5d6p 3F4 as a scale, the leakage rate of 5d6p 3Fa-5d2 3F was used to evaluate the transition probabilities. 706 nm laser pulses with different durations were applied to a barium atomic beam for 6s5d 3D3-5d2 3F4 optical pumping, and the remaining percentages in 6s5d 3D3 were measured. After exponential fitting, the transition probability of 5d6p 3F4-5d2 3F3,4 was determined to be 2.1（4） ~ 104 s-1, which is in agreement with theoretical calculations using the scaled Thomas-Fermi-Dirac method.

关键词： laser cooling leakage rate transition probability scaled Thomas-Fermi-Dirac method

Modelling method of inter-building movement for campus-scale occupancy simulation:A case study

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Building Simulation 2023年第3期16卷 461-481页

作者： Mingya Zhu Yiqun Pan Zejun Wu Zhizhong Huang Risto Kosonen School of Mechanical Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina Sino-German College of Applied Sciences Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Mechanical Engineering Aalto UniversityEspooFinland College of Urban Construction Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina

As an important factor in the investigation of building energy consumption,occupant behavior(OB)has been widely studied on the building *** so far,studies of OB modelling on the district scale remain ***,district-scale OB modelling has been facing the challenges from the scarcity of district-scale data,modelling methods,as well as simulation *** study initiates the extrapolation of occupancy modelling methodology from building level to district scale through proposing modelling methods of inter-building *** proposed modelling methods utilize multiple distribution fittings and Bayesian network to upscale the event description methods from inter-zone movement events at the building level to inter-building movement events at the district *** study provides a framework on the application of the proposed modelling methods for a university campus in the suburbs of Shanghai,taking advantages of data sensing,monitoring and survey *** the collected campus-scale occupancy data,this paper defines five patterns of inter-building *** pattern represents the dominated inter-building movement events for one kind of students in their daily campus *** on the quantitative descriptions for various inter-building movement events,this study performs the stochastic simulation for the campus district,using Markov chain *** simulation results are then validated with the campus-scale occupancy measurement ***,the impact of inter-building movement modelling methods on building energy demand is evaluated for the library building,taking the deterministic occupancy schedules suggested by current building design standard as a baseline.

关键词： occupancy modelling event description inter-building movement stochastic process transition probability campus buildings data acquisition

Two-electron quantum ring in short pulses

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第2期24卷 46-52页

作者： Poonam Silotia Rakesh Kumar Meena Vinod Prasad Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Department of Physics Swami Shraddhanand CollegeUniversity of Delhi

The response of a two-electron quantum ring system to the short laser pulses of different shapes in the presence of external static electric field is *** variation of transition probabilities of the two-electron quantum ring from ground state to excited states with a number of parameters is shown and *** energy levels and wavefunctions of the system in the presence of static electric field are found by solving the time-independent Schrodinger equation numerically by the finite difference *** shape of the pulse plays a dominant role on the dynamics.

关键词： quantum ring ultrashort pulses transition probability