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Journal of Nanjing Medical University 2005年第6期19卷 313-315页

作者： Yanning Qian Wenjie Jin Ping Chen Ling Wang Huijuan Wang Yuke Tian Xuejun Zhou Department of Anesthesiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210029 China Department of Anesthesiology Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China

Objective： To investigate and compare the .effects of different concentrations of morphine, fentanyl and tramadol on the differentiation of human adult helper T cells in vitro. Methods： Twenty out-patients without immune disease were selected and their peripheral blood was collected. Then the Whole blood of peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） were pretreated with different concentration of morphine, fentanyl and tramadol for 24 h. The level of CD4^＋ IFN-γ^＋ IL-2^＋/CD4^＋ IL-4^＋ IL-10^＋ was analyzed by three-color flow cytometry, and the CD4^＋ CCR5^＋ and CD4^＋ CCR3 ^＋ cells were counted to observe the imbalance of Th2/Th2. Results： The number of Th2 increased significantly and the ratio of Th2/Th2 decreased dramatically compared with the control group, and there was a dose-dependent fashion in all drugs. Conclusion： Morphine, fentanyl and tramadol can direct Th0 cells toward Th2 differentiation, especially morphine and fentanyl.

关键词： morphine fentanyl tramadol helper T cells cytokines

Flow Injection Determination of tramadol Based on Its Sensitizing Effect on the Chemiluminescent Reaction of Permanganate-Sulfite

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011年第7期2卷 768-775页

作者： Xun Yao Jingkai Zhang Jianguo Li 不详

In this paper, a novel chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of tramadol has been developed by combining the flow injection technique and its sensitizing effect on the weak CL reaction between sulfite and acidic KMnO4. A mechanism for the CL reaction has been proposed on the basis of fluorescent and CL spectra. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method allows the measurement of tramadol hydrochloride over the range of 0.04 - 4 ?g/mLwith a correlation coefficient of 0.9995 (n = 8) and a detection limit of 0.01 ?g/mL (3σ), and the relative standard deviation for 2.0 ?g/mL tramadol (n = 11) is 2.1%. The utility of this method was demonstrated by determining tramadol hydrochloride in tablets and injections.

关键词： Chemiluminescence tramadol hydrochloride KMnO4 Sodium Sulfite Flow-Injection Analysis

Prophylactic Effect of Oral Clonidine and tramadol in Postoperative Shivering in Lower Abdominal Surgery

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Open Journal of Anesthesiology 2016年第9期6卷 137-147页

作者： Ebrahim Alijanpour Nadia Banihashem Parviz Amri Maleh Hoda Majd Mohammad-Ali Ropani The Clinical Research Development Unite of Rouhani Hospital Associate of Anesthesiology Department Babol University of Medical Science Babol Iran Research Committee Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran

Background and Objectives: Several drugs and methods are used to reduce postoperative shivering, the most common complications occurring after surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the oral Clonidine and tramadol premedication in reducing postoperative shivering after spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In this study, patients aged 20 - 60 years, based on the American Society of Anesthesia functional class I (Anesthesiologists grade-1), were included in controlled double-blind clinical trials. Each was a candidate of a hydrocele, varicocele, and inguinal hernia under spinal anesthesia. The patients were assigned to three groups and 1 h prior to surgery, group A received 0.2 mg of Clonidine, group B received 50 mg of a tramadol tablet, and group C received a placebo. We collected information on the severity of shivering, pain intensity levels (VAS score), duration of analgesia, and the patients’ hemodynamic condition at base time of 5, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postoperatively. Results: The incidence of shivering was significantly lower in the Clonidine group than that in the other groups. Analgesia duration was significantly longer in the Clonidine group than that in the control group. In this study, side effects in different groups were not significantly different from each other. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that the oral administration of Clonidine can be effective in preventing the side effects and shivering after spinal anesthesia.

关键词： Shivering Spinal Anesthesia Clonidine tramadol

Quality Control of tramadol in Kisangani: Development, Validation, and Application of a UV-Vis Spectroscopic Method

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021年第8期12卷 295-309页

作者： Marguerite Borive Amani Jérémie Mbinze Kindenge Emile Tweni Baruti Elodie Nsasi Bakiantima Salomon Batina Agasa Philippe Hubert Roland Marini Djang’eing’a Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy University of Kisangani Kisangani Democratic Republic of the Congo Laboratory of Drugs Analysis Department of Galenic and Drug Analysis Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy University of Kisangani Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium

Context: Substandard and falsified medicines are circulating in low-income countries mostly without any control. We availed a simple and not expensive UV-Vis spectroscopic method to evaluate the quality of tramadol in Kisangani before and during the Covid-19 period. Methods: For the analytical quantitative method, an experimental design was applied to set up the optimal levels of the selected factors, namely, pH of dissolution medium, type of cuvette, and wavelength. Taking into account the capsule pharmaceutical formulation within 80 - 120 μg·mL-1 concentration range, we analyzed 89 tramadol samples from pharmacies and hospitals of the six Kisangani municipalities. Results: pH showed a significant effect on absorbance, whereas quartz cuvette and wavelength did not. A typical 100 μg·mL-1 tramadol solution gave an absorbance of 0.64 at 272 nm. Validation highlighted a matrix effect observed with a 6% bias. A correction factor of 0.9372 allowed to improve the accuracy profile, which were then totally included within the 10% acceptance limits. Quality control revealed that 25 samples out of 89 were not compliant in terms of manufacturing license, registration status in DRC and content as well. Conclusion: This study showed that the strengthening of analytical strategy in Kisangani is a need.

关键词： tramadol UV-Vis Spectroscopy Method Development Validation Quality Control

The Effect of tramadol on Blood Glucose Levels in Rats

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Open Journal of Anesthesiology 2013年第1期3卷 18-22页

作者： Hacer Kara Ayse Karci Mukaddes Gumustekin Murat Ormen Aydin Tasdogen Zahide Elar Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Dokuz Eylul University Medical SchoolizmirTurkey Department of Pharma-cology Dokuz Eylül University Medical SchoolizmirTurkey Department of Biochemistry Dokuz Eylul University Medical SchoolizmirTurkey.

The Background: tramadol, is a central acting analgesic that possesses weak affinity for the μ-opioid receptor and modifies transmission of nociceptive impulses through inhibition of monoamine reuptake. This study was designed to determine the effect of tramadol on blood glucose levels and also to investigate whether or not alpha-2 adrenergic receptors were responsible for this effect. Methods: Twenty-five Wistar male rats were assigned to four groups to receive: Group I: saline;Group II: tramadol (1 mg·kg-1);Group III and Group IV: pretreatment with a2-receptor antagonist drugs yohimbine (1 mg·kg-1) or idazoxan (1 mg·kg-1), 30 min before administration of tramadol (1 mg·kg-1). Samples for plasma glucose measurement were withdrawn at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of the experiment. Results: A significant rise in blood glucose levels was observed following administration of i.v. tramadol. Pretreatment with both yohimbine and idazoxan (1 mg·kg-1) significantly attenuated tramadol-induced hyperglycemia. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that, tramadol administered at an analgesic dose of 1 mg·kg-1 produces hyperglycemia in diethyl ether anesthetized rats. Reversal of this effect with a2-adrenoceptor blocking agents suggests that monoaminergic pathways which contribute to the analgesic action of tramadol, may have a role in the hyperglycemic action of the drug.

关键词： Hyperglycemia tramadol a2Antagonist Antinociceptive Effect Yohimbine Idazoxan Rat

Structural comparisons of meptazinol with opioid analgesics

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2005年第3期26卷 334-338页

作者： Wei LI Jing-lai HAO Yun TANG Yan CHEN Zhui-bai QIU~2 Department of Medicinal Chemistry,School of Pharmacy,Fudan University Shanghai 200032,China Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Fudan University Shanghai China

Aim:To investigate the mechanism of action of a potent analgesic,(±)-meptazinol.Methods:The structures of meptazinol enantiomers were compared with opioidpharmacophore and tramadol.Results:Neither enantiomer of meptazinol fittedany patterns among the opioid pharmacophore and tramadol,although they didshare some structural and pharmacological similarities.However,the structuresuperpositions implied that both enantiomers of meptazinol might share somesimilar analgesic mechanisms with typical opiate analgesics.Conclusion:Meptazinol should have a different mechanism of action to known analgesics,which would be helpful in further investigations of meptazinol in the search fornon-addictive analgesics.

关键词： meptazinol tramadol opioid analgesics pharmacophore

Comparison of PCIA with tramadol and combined spinal-epidural analgesia

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外科研究与新技术 2003年第2期 69-70页

作者：龙健晶 Dept Anesthesiol Beijing Chaoyang Hosp Beijing 100020

Objective To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with tramadol for labor analgesia as compared with combined spinal-epidural analgesia (CSEA) + patient controlled analgesia ( PCEA) with ropivacaine and fentanyl. Methods Eighty ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ full term primigravidae in active labor (at 2 cm cervical dilation) who had a single fetus with vertex presentation and were expected to have a vaginal delivery were randomly divided into 3 groups: Ⅰ control group received no analgesia (n = 30), Ⅱ group A received CSEA + PCEA with ropivacaine and fentanyl (n = 30) and Ⅲ group B received PCIA with tramadol ( n = 20). In group A CSEA was performed at L2-3. Ropivacaine 2. 5 mg and fentanyl 5 mg were injected intrathecally. A catheter was then advanced 4 cm into epidural space cephalad for PCEA with a mixture of 0.1% ropivacaine with fentanyl 5 μg· μλ-1 (backgroud infusion 4 ml · h-1, demand bolus 4 ml with a 15 min lockout interval). In group B the

关键词： analgesia tramadol epidural fentanyl intravenous infusion analgesic bolus vaginal presentation

Effects of a Single Bolus Intravenous Dose of tramadol on Minimum Alveolar Concentration( MAC) of Sevoflurane in Dogs

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畜牧与兽医 2012年第S2期44卷 36-36页

作者： Takaharu Itami Tomoohito Ishizuka Jun Tamura Sho Fukui Kenjirou Miyoshi Kazuto Yamashita Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicineand Rakuno gakuen University

tramadol is an atypical opioid analgesic widely used in small animal practice.This study was designed to determine the effect of a single intravenous (IV) dose of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in dogs.Six beagle dogs were anesthetized twice to determine the sevoflurane MAC with or without an administration of tramadol (4 mg/kg,IV) at 7-days interval.The sevoflurane MAC was determined using a tail clamp method in each dog ventilated with positive pressure ventilation.The tramadol administration produced a significant reduction in the sevoflurane MAC by 22.3 ± 12.2% (1.44 ± 0.28% with tramadol versus 1.86 ± 0.29% without tramadol,P =0.010).This MAC reduction had been determined from 122 ± 19 to 180 ± 41 min following the tramadol administration.During this period,the plasma concentrations of tramadol and its metabolite,O-desmethyltramadol (M1),decreased from 429 ± 64 to 332 ± 55 ng/mL and from 136 ± 24 to 114 ± 68 ng/mL,respectively,but these changes were not statistically significant (P = 0.070 for tramadol and P = 0.716 for M1).There was no significant difference in heart rate,mean arterial blood pressure and SpO2between the control and tramadol treatment.The dogs that received tramadol treatment sometimes breathed spontaneously.Therefore,their respiratory rates significantly increased and PETCO2decreased during the MAC determination.In conclusion,the single IV dose of tramadol produced a significant reduction in the sevoflurane MAC in dog.

关键词： dog MAC,O-desmethyltramadol(M1) sevoflurane tramadol

tramadol use in pediatric sickle cell disease patients with vaso-occlusive crisis

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2013年第4期2卷 65-69页

作者： Mary P Borgerding Randall K Absher Tsz-Yin So Department of Pharmacy Wesley Long Hospital Greensboro NC 27401 United States Department of Pharmacy Moses H Cone Memorial Hospital Greensboro NC 27401 United States

AIM: To evaluate whether the addition of scheduled oral tramadol to intravenous morphine and intravenous ketorolac reduces morphine requirements.METHODS: This single-centered, Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective study at Moses Cone Memorial Hospital included pediatric patients who were ≥ 2 years old with vaso-occlusive crisis(VOC) caused by sickle cell disease(SCD), were on morphine patientcontrolled analgesia(PCA), and had scheduled oral tramadol added to their standard pain regimen. The study population was admitted between March 2008 and March 2011. The data was collected from electronic records and included age, weight, morphine use, tramadol use, hemoglobin, pain scores, number of days on PCA, length of hospital stay, respiratory rate, and polyethylene glycol use. Thirty patients were analyzed as independent admissions and seven patients as paired admissions. RESULTS: Eighteen pediatric SCD patients with VOC received morphine PCA and intravenous ketorolac and twelve patients received morphine PCA and intravenous ketorolac and scheduled oral tramadol. Baseline characteristics were similar between both groups with the exception of the average weight, which was greater in the tramadol group than in the morphine group. The average morphine requirements in patients with and without the use of tramadol were similar, both for the independent admissions [0.58 mg/kg per day vs 0.65 mg/kg per day(P = 0.31)] and the paired admissions [0.71 mg/kg per day vs 0.77 mg/kg per day(P = 0.5)]. The daily polyethylene glycol requirement was less in the tramadol group for both the independent [0.5 g/kg per day vs 0.6 g/kg per day(P = 0.64)] and paired admissions analyses [and 0.41 g/kg per day vs 0.55 g/kg per day(P = 0.67)].CONCLUSION: The addition of scheduled tramadol in patients receiving concomitant morphine and ketorolac demonstrates a trend toward decreased morphine and polyethylene glycol use.

关键词： Pediatrics Sickle cell tramadol Morphine Vaso-occlusive crisis

A single subcutaneous dose of tramadol for mild to moderate musculoskeletal trauma in the emergency department

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2014年第4期5卷 275-278页

作者： Alejandro Cardozo Carlos Silva Luis Dominguez Beatriz Botero Paulo Zambrano Jose Bare?o Emergency Department Clinica Las Vegas Epidemiology Department Universidad CES

BACKGROUND: Mild to moderate musculoskeletal trauma is a common cause for an emergency room visit, and frequent pain is one of the cardinal symptoms of consultation. The objective of this study is to assess the perception of a single subcutaneous dose of 50 mg tramadol for pain management in patients with mild to moderate musculoskeletal trauma, likewise to appraise the perception of pain by subcutaneous injection.METHODS: A total of 77 patients, who met inclusion criteria, received a single subcutaneous dose of tramadol. Pain control was evaluated based on the verbal numerical pain scale(0–10) at baseline, 20 and 60 minutes; similarly, pain perception was evaluated secondary to subcutaneous injection of the analgesic.RESULTS: On admission, the average pain perceived by patients was 8; twenty minutes later, 89% of the patients reported fi ve or less, and after sixty minutes, 94% had three or less on the verbal numerical pain scale. Of the patients, 88% reported pain perception by verbal numeric scale of 3 or less by injection of the drug, and 6.5% required a second analgesic for pain control. Two events with drug administration(soft tissue infection and mild abdominal rectus injection) were reported.CONCLUSION: We conclude that a single subcutaneous dose of tramadol is a safe and effective option for the management of patients with mild to moderate pain and musculoskeletal disease in the emergency department.

关键词： tramadol Analgesic routes Subcutaneous Acute pain Emergency department