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trade credit Policy Between Supplier-Manufacturer-Retailer for Ameliorating/Deteriorating Items

Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 2020年第1期8卷 79-103页

作者： Vandana Rai School of Studies in Mathematics Pt.Ravishankar Shukla UniversityRaipurC.G.492010India Associated Cement Company(ACC)Jamul behind ACC Ram MandirPost-JamulDurgChhattisgarh 490024India

This paper is related to the advancement of the inventory models for ameliorating items and focused on the real-life business situation as with the time the deterioration rate of ameliorating items is increased.In the global world,every supply chain entities as suppliers/manufacturers/retailers want to increase the consumption of their goods without any losses.For this,he/she tries to lure manufacturer/retailers by offering some discounts,i.***.credit period for settling the account.The problem states that the manufacturer purchases the ameliorating items from the supplier,where the supplier offers his/her credit period to settle the account.The manufacturer purchases ameliorating items(like pigs,fishes,ducklings,etc.)and take those items as rawmaterial;when the livestock matures the manufacturer sells it to the retailer and offer credit time for settling the account.Reason to propose the model is when the quantities of livestock become larger,then the manufacturer faces difficulty in maintaining all the livestock.In such a situation,the traditional method(without offering credit period)fails to provide the maximum profit to the manufacturer.Therefore,in order to get maximum profit,the manufacturer needs some more realistic scientific outlook for making decisions.The proposed model provides a more realistic assumption of business markets,by offering credit policy.In the introduced model,manufacturer faces amelioration and deterioration rate simultaneously due to the growth and the death of livestock.The amelioration and deterioration rates are assumed as theWeibull distribution type.Shortages allowed only for the retailer,which is partially backlogged.The main goal of this paper is to minimize the total relevant inventory cost for both the manufacturer and the retailers,by finding the optimal replenishment policy.Themathematical formulation with optimal solutions for manufacturer and retailers are given.Convexity and existence of the proposed model via numerical examples and graphical representations are explained.

关键词： Inventory Weibull distribution deterioration Weibull distribution amelioration Partial backlogging trade credit

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Determining threshold default risk criterion for trade credit granting

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Journal of Southeast University(English Edition) 2008年第S1期24卷 49-53页

作者： Shi, Xiaojun Zheng, Haitao School of Economics and Management Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Beijing 100083 China

To solve the problem of setting threshold default risk criterion to select retailer eligible for trade credit granting, a novel method of solving simultaneous equations is proposed. This method is based on the bilevel programming modeling of trade credit decisions as an interaction between supplier and retailer. First, the bilevel programming is set up where the supplier decides on credit terms at the top level considering a retailer's default risk, and the retailer determines the order quantity at the lower level in response to the credit terms offered. By solving this bilevel programming, the relationship between the optimal terms and the corresponding default risk can be derived. Second, set the extreme scenario where the threshold default risk is approached as the point causing a zero marginal profit to the supplier. Another equation describing this particular scenario can also be derived. Thus, a system of two equations with two unknown variables can be obtained where the exact threshold default risk criterion can be found by solving them. A numerical example is presented as an illustration of the method proposed. It shows that the threshold criterion can be uniquely determined when the financial costs, inventory costs, and the marketing parameters of supplier and buyer are specified.

关键词： trade credit credit term threshold default risk

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基于金融机构借贷与商业信用组合融资的双渠道供应链运作策略

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管理科学 2024年第1期

作者：郭金森陈卓周永务

双渠道销售环境下，研究上下游企业均存在资金困境时，供应链在三种不同的金融机构借贷与商业信用组合融资模式下的运营决策方法，并分析企业自有资金规模、借贷利率等对供应链运营的影响。研究结果指出，组合融资模式下企业资金约束困... 详细信息

双渠道销售环境下，研究上下游企业均存在资金困境时，供应链在三种不同的金融机构借贷与商业信用组合融资模式下的运营决策方法，并分析企业自有资金规模、借贷利率等对供应链运营的影响。研究结果指出，组合融资模式下企业资金约束困境得到有效缓解，且零售商所得利润可能大于其无资金困境时的利润。对比分析三种不同模式下企业利润，指出对零售商而言，当借贷利率相对较低时，其在“制造商金融机构借贷+延期支付”组合融资模式所得利润最高，否则，在“零售商/双边金融机构借贷+提前支付”组合融资模式下可能获得更多利润。而借贷利率相对较低时，制造商在“零售商/双边金融机构借贷+提前支付”组合融资模式下所得利润最高，否则，“制造商金融机构借贷+延期支付”组合融资模式占优。

关键词：双边资金约束双渠道供应链借贷支付交易信用组合融资　　bilateral capital constraints dual channel supply chain loan payment trade credit financing portfolio

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The impact of working capital management on credit rating

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Financial Innovation 2022年第1期8卷 1968-1987页

作者： Ala’a Adden Abuhommous Ahmad Salim Alsaraireh Huthaifa Alqaralleh College of Business Banking and Finance DepartmentMutah UniversityAl-KarakJordan College of Business Department of EconomicsBusiness and FinanceMutah UniversityAl-KarakJordan

This study investigates the possible nonlinear relationship between working capital and credit rating.Furthermore,it examines the relationship between the three components of working capital(inventory,accounts receivable,and accounts payable)and a firm’s credit rating.Employing data for U.S listed firms for the period between 1985 and 2017,the results of our ordered probit model show a nonlinear relationship between working capital and its components and credit rating.Finally,we find that the deviation from the optimal working capital adversely affects the credit rating.The results of this study are of significant importance for policy makers,managers,decision makers,and credit-rating agencies,as they help highlight the importance of working capital management for a firm’s credit rating.

关键词： credit rating Working capital management Finance Investment trade credit

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Financing the price-setting newsvendor with sales effort

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Journal of Management Analytics 2020年第4期7卷 564-590页

作者： Wen Ding Huihui Song Antai College of Economics&Management Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiPeople’s Republic of China

In this paper,we consider the financing issues in a supply chain where the capitalconstrained retailer should use limited funds to pay for both order and sales.The retailer decides the retail price,order quantity exante and sales effort expost,and he supports these operational activities by two financing sources:bank loan and trade credit.We illustrate that in this two-stage problem,the price-setting retailer’s equilibrium sales effort and retail price are both related to the market realization value and the retailer’s cash level.These two financing sources are both able to stimulate the retailer to promote sales.If the retailer’s cash level is reasonably high,both parties(supplier and retailer)benefit from trade credit.By contrast,if the retailer’s cash level is low,trade credit may discourage the retailer from sales promotion.Counterintuitively,our study shows that the retailer spends more on sales when the market is good than when it is bad.

关键词： Capital-constrained retailer sales effort trade credit bank loan pricesetting

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Optimal ordering policy for short life-cycle products under credit financing with dynamic adoption in supply chain

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Journal of Management Analytics 2019年第3期6卷 269-301页

作者： Udayan Chanda Alok Kumar Department of Management BITS PilaniPilaniIndia FORE School of Management New DelhiIndia

Traditional inventory models are mostly ignorant of the life cycle dynamics of a technology product;hence,they often fail to identify different dimensions of inventory research.This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between adoption behavior of customers using life cycle dynamics and associated trade credit policies in order to optimize the total inventory cost.The demand model used in this paper treats sales as a function of awareness diffusion and adoption.Awareness is considered as a function of feedback effects from users/customers.Retailer’s optimal strategies for short life cycle product under credit financing were determined analytically.Finally,numerical examples have been used to support the theoretical results.Theoretical results have further been used to gain some managerial insights.

关键词： inventory stage-wise diffusion unfavorable information short life cycle trade credit

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Two-warehouse inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with optimal credit period and partial backlogging under inflation

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Journal of Control and Decision 2016年第2期3卷 132-150页

作者： M.Palanivel R.Uthayakumar Department of Mathematics The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed UniversityDindigulIndia

This paper analyses an inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items under a two-warehouse system with the effect of inflation and time value of money.We propose the model from the seller’s prospective by incorporating the fact that granting the trade credit from the seller to its buyer not only increases sales and revenue but also opportunity cost and default risk.Moreover,in this model,shortages are allowed and partially backlogged.The backlogging rate is dependent on the waiting time for the next replenishment.The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal credit period and the optimal order quantity such that the total profit of the seller is maximised.Some numerical examples are presented for illustrating the proposed inventory model.Furthermore,sensitivity analysis of the optimal solutions with respect to major parameters is carried out and some managerial inferences are obtained.

关键词： two-warehouse non-instantaneous partial backlogging trade credit inflation

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Monetary policy, financial development and the financing of zombie firms: evidence from China

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Economic and Political Studies 2020年第2期8卷 141-164页

作者： Liping Lu Xiaoyang Li Zongxin Qian School of Finance Renmin University of ChinaBeijingChina

This paper examines the financing channels for zombie firms in China.We find that equity markets and suppliers provide substan-tial financing support for zombie firms,while banks and other financing channels are less important.We also find that the amount of investment does not increase accordingly after zombie firms obtain external financing,which indicates an inefficient use of funds by these zombie firms.Our results are robust to various definitions of zombie firms,and also to a propensity score match-ing method.

关键词： Zombie firms external financing equity market trade credit

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An inventory model with finite replenishment,probabilistic deterioration and permissible delay in payments

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Journal of Management Analytics 2015年第3期2卷 254-279页

作者： M.Palanivel S.Priyan R.Uthayakumar Department of Mathematics The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed UniversityGandhigram-624302.DindigulTamil NaduIndia

This paper develops an inventory model for deteriorating items with finite replenishment rate under a progressive payment scheme within the cycle time.In this model,the deterioration function follows a probability distribution such as a(1)uniform distribution,(2)triangular distribution or(3)beta distribution.Here,the retailer is allowed a trade-credit offer by the supplier to buy more items.This model aids in minimizing the total inventory cost of the retailer by finding the optimal cycle length,the optimal time length of replenishment and the optimal order quantity.Some theorems have been framed to characterize the optimal solutions.The necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the optimal solutions are also provided.The optimal solution of the model is illustrated with the help of numerical examples,and numerical comparisons between the three models are also given.Finally,sensitivity analysis and graphical representations are given to demonstrate the model.

关键词： inventory probabilistic deterioration trade credit

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The Order Quantity Decision of Newsboy Retailer with Financing

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Journal of Systems Science and Information 2014年第4期2卷 358-365页

作者： Zhonghua MA Shanghai Maritime University School of Management & Economic

We analyze the retailer’s optimal order with capital constraint under stochastic demand.We consider the impact of external financing, that is inventory financing, and the internal financing,that is trade credit, on the order strategy of retailer separately. We establish revenue model of retailer and solve, and give revenue of retailer and supplier respectively. Finally, we give the impact of own funds on the retailer’s order quantity, retailer’s revenue, supplier’s revenue, as well as the impact on the overall revenue gains of the supply chain. And some analysis and statement are also given in the end.

关键词： inventory financing trade credit newsboy model

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