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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第4期6卷 511-517页

作者： Asma Akbar Musharaf Ahmad Azra Neelam Sana Zeb Khan Zahoor Ahmad Department of Plant Pathology The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Plant Pathology Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan Pakistan Department of Biochemistry The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Plant Protection The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Plant Pathology College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China Department of Adaptive Research Quetta Balochistan Pakistan

To isolate the causal organism of soft rot of vegetables, diseased samples of potato, tomato, carrot, chilies, and bell pepper, were analyzed in the lab, using nutrient agar (NA) and/or the enrichment host (Bell pepper) technique. Successful isolations were purified by sub-culturing, identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora through biochemical tests and their pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation on green tomato fruits. The isolates were tested for their aggressiveness to find out the most aggressive one in term of producing maximum soft rot on tomatoes. CRD (completely randomized design), with four replication was used and data were analyzed using LSD (least significant test) test. Among the five isolates evaluated for aggressiveness on tomato fruits, chili isolate was found to be the most aggressive followed by tomato and potato isolates producing 22.3 mm, 7.9 mm, and 7.8 mm diameter soft rot lesions, respectively.

关键词： Aggressiveness Bio-Chemical Tests Erwinia carotovora Pathogencity Soft Rot of tomatoes

Main and Trace Element Contents of tomatoes Grown in Austria

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Journal of Food Science and Engineering 2017年第5期7卷 239-248页

作者： Manffed Sager Austrian Ageney for Health and Food SafeO Spargelfeldstrasse 191 Vienna A-1220 Austria

tomatoes are one of the most popular and widespread kinds of vegetables on a global scale. tomatoes of various varieties, sizes and shapes, were grown in 3 different greenhouses in Austria on solid substrates. After freeze drying, they were analyzed for main and trace elements by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and combustion methods （for C, N）. Main inorganic cation was K, whereas contents of hazardous metals （e.g. Cd, Pb）, Rare Earth Elements, Si, and Ti were marginal. Due to high water contents, the contribution to the Recommended Daily Intake of essential elements is largely below 1/5 for 1 kg consumption. In spite of different varieties grown at the 3 sites, trends for concentrations versus fruit size could be noted for K, Ca, S, B, Cu, Fe, Zn and Si. Similarly, fruits with seeds ＋ jelly tended to contain more of almost all elements, but less of Li, Ca, Sr, and Ba, whereas P and B were equally distributed. No significant correlations between the concentrations found in tomato-fruits and the amount of soil mobilizable in 0.16 M acetic acid （exchangeable ＋ acid mobile） were found. A look into already published data from other countries reveals that element concentrations met in tomatoes presumably depend on climatic conditions and suitably adapted varieties than on the growing substrate.

关键词： tomatoes tomato seeds trace elements heavy metals non-metals boron iodine principal components.

Prevalence of Salmonella in Fresh Produce tomatoes Sold in Open Market in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第12期14卷 1259-1268页

作者： Hanseni Bognini Assèta Kagambèga WP Bertrand Tiendrebeogo Abdallah Sawadogo Nicolas Barro Théodore Knight-Jones Michel Dione Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire D’épidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)/Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Ecole Normale Supérieure Ministère des Enseignement Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique et de L’innovation Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Animal and Human Health Program International Livestock Research Institute Rue 18 Cité Mamelles BP Ouakam Dakar Senegal

Tomato is a widely consumed vegetable in Burkina Faso and throughout the world. However, when handled improperly, it can serve as a vector of pathogen transmission to human if ingested raw or through cross-contamination with cooked food. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp from tomatoes sold in the markets of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and characteristics of vending conditions. One hundred and ninety-eight (198) different tomato samples were randomly purchased from one hundred and thirteen (113) different vendors in the markets of Ouagadougou. The samples were examined and classified into three categories according to their texture and the level of deterioration. The prevalence of Salmonella spp identification was determined using standard microbiological methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire on transport and vending conditions for tomatoes. In total, Salmonella prevalence was 19.19% in all tomato’s samples analyzed and was 18.18% for intact category, 22.73% in D2 category and 16.67% in category D4. The survey revealed poor transport and sales conditions for the majority of tomato sellers. The present study revealed the presence of Salmonella in tomatoes samples. These results highlight the risk associated with the consumption of tomatoes if hygienic practices are not respected during tomatoes handling and preparation. The results of the study also show the need to wash tomatoes systematically after purchase with a disinfectant, especially tomatoes sold in open markets in developing countries.

关键词： Salmonella tomatoes Hygiene Food Security

The Control Effect of Encarsia formosa Combined with Yellow Sticky Trap to Bemisia tabaci on tomatoes in Green House

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The Control Effect of Encarsia formosa Combined with Yellow ...

In field control of Botrytis cinerea by synergistic action of a fungicide and organic sanitizer

International Symposium on Mass Production and Commercialization of Arthropod Biological Control Agents

作者： Dan Chen~1,Yu-Bo Wang~2,Hui-Qing Wang~3,Wei-Ping Pan~4,Yan-Ling Ji~4,Ji-Yong Zeng~4,De-Ying Ma~(1*) 1 College of Agronomy,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China 2 Heibei Hengshui Tianyi bio-control Ltd.,Hebei,Henshui 053000,China 3.Plant Protection Station of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Urumqi 830006, China 4.Turpan Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Turpan 838000,China

Aims of this study is to discuss the combination effects of Encarsia Formosa and yellow sticky trap in the control of Bemisia tabaci on tomatoes in green *** Formosa was released once after every 5-7days and lasted for 5 times under controlled condition,which the amount of Bemisia tabaci adults are less than 3 heads/plant,and the larvae are less than 2 heads/*** release amount of Encarsia Formosa each time is about 5000 heads/*** average emergence rate of Encarsia Formosa is approximately 84.35%,and the highest parasitic rate is 73%.It is about 35 d between the initial release date and the foundation of population,and it took about 2 months to take over the Bemisia tabaci *** investigation of vertical distribution indicated that,Encarsia Formosa mainly located on the middle and low parts of the plant during the early stage of tomato growing,and moved to the middle and top parts of the plant in the late stage of tomato growing along with the movement of Bemisia *** regularity of horizontal distribution is high -low-high -low-high from east to west(from door to inside).The release of Encarsia Formosa combined with yellow sticky traps showed remarkable effect in the control of *** on tomatoes in green *** yellow sticky trap decreased adults of B. tabaci significantly but showed very little effect in trapping of Encarsia Formosa.

关键词： Encarsia formosa parasitic Bemisia tabaci tomatoes yellow sticky trap control effect

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第6期17卷 1401-1408页

作者： Fatima Ayoub Najwa Ben oujji Mohamed Ayoub Athman Hafidi Rachid Salghi Shehdeh Jodeh Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment National School of Applied ScienceIbn Zohr University Ecolink International Zone Industrielle Department of Chemistry An-Najah National University

A new Integrated Pest Management program based on the combination of synthetic pesticide with a GRAS （generally recognized as safe）-classified sanitizer for the control of Botrytis cinerea in field conditions was described. The aim behind this research was to determine whether the use of this mixture would enhance the efficiency of pesticides while decreasing the recommended dose. Naturally infected tomato plants, grown in the greenhouse, were treated with two commonly used fungicides SWITCH （Syngenta, Switzerland） and SIGNUM （BASF, Germany） each alone or combined with a commercially available organic sanitizer PERACLEAN？5 （Evonik Industries, Germany）. A total of 27 treatments were tested consisting of three concentrations of synthetic fungicide （×1, ×1/2 and ×1/4 of the recommended dose） either applied separately or combined with three concentrations of the tested sanitizer （0.5, 1 and 1.5％）. The control efficacy achieved by the fungicides applied alone ranged between 0 and 66.7％ while all fungicide-sanitizer mixtures resulted in up to 70％ control of grey mould. The treatment that provides the maximum control of B. cinerea was the result mixture of ×1/4 of the recommended concentration of SWITCH （15 g L-1） with 0.5％ of PERACLEAN？5. This combination suppressed 85％ of grey mold infections while decreasing the usually used amount of this pesticide by 75％, reducing therefore the well known negative impacts of chemical pesticides on environment and consumers health.

关键词： Botrytis cinerea tomatoes peroxyacetic acid PERACLEAN^(■)5 SIGNUM SWITCH

Inducible Positive Mutant Screening System to Unveil the Signaling Pathway of Late Blight Resistance

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2010年第5期52卷 476-484页

作者： Zhiqi Jia Yanhonq Cui Ying Li Xiaoxuan Wang Yonqchen Du Sanwen Huang Institute of Vegetables and Flowers ChineseAcademy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China College of Horticulture Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China

Late blight is the most devastating potato disease and it also causes serious yield loss in tomato. Several disease resistance genes （R genes） to late blight have been cloned from potato in the past decade. However, the resistance mechanisms remain elusive. Tomato and potato belong to the botanical family Solanaceace and share remarkably conserved genome structure. Since tomato is a model system in genetic and plant pathology research, we used tomato to develop a powerful mutant screening system that will greatly facilitate the analysis of the signaling pathway of resistance to Phytophthora infestans. First we proved that the R3a transgenic tomatoes developed specific hypersensitive cell death response （HR） to P. infestans strains carrying the corresponding avirulence gene Avr3a, indicating that the signaling pathway from the R3a-Avr3a recognition to HR is conserved between potato and tomato. Second, we generated transgenic tomatoes carrying both R3a and Avr3a genes, with the latter under the control of a glucocorticiod-inducible promoter. Dexamethasone induced expression of Avr3a and resulted in localized HR. This versatile system can be used to construct a mutant library to screen surviving mutants whose resistance signal transduction was interrupted, providing the basis to identify key genes involved in the resistance to late blight in Solanaceae.

关键词： LATE blight of potato POTATOES -- Diseases & pests tomatoes PLANT genetics DEXAMETHASONE

Chemical Characterization of Tomato Industry Wastewater, Florida, United States

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2012年第3期4卷 107-114页

作者： Maninder K. Chahal Gurpal S. Toor Bielinski M. Santos Soil and Water Quality Laboratory Gulf Coast Research and Education Center University of Florida Wimauma Florida USA

Tomato packers often struggle to find ways to reuse the large volumes of wastewater generated during the tomato cleaning and sanitizing processes due to high transportation costs for off-site disposal and strict surface water discharge regulations in Florida. Information about the composition of tomato packinghouse wastewater and the likely sources of major wastewater constituents might provide insights to develop environmentally sustainable practices for wastewater reuse. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of wastewater generated in tomato packinghouses. The wastewater samples were collected for 6 to 8 hours from dump tanks of two representative packinghouses at 30 minute intervals after start-up of packing operations during May-June 2009. Results showed that wastewater had high electrical conductivity (1.3 - 2.8 dS·m–1) and chloride (255 - 1125 mg·L–1) due to the use of chlorine as a sanitizer in the packinghouses. Concentrations of total phosphorus (P, 2.8 - 5.7 mg·L–1) and copper (Cu, 1.9 - 2.2 mg·L–1) in wastewater were elevated due to tomato cleaning and sanitizing. To reduce P and Cu concentrations, treatment or blending of wastewater may be needed before discharging wastewater to surface waters. Concentrations of P, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and manganese were much higher in packinghouse 1 as compared to packinghouse 2 wastewater, probably due to the greater contact time of tomatoes with the dump tank water. Whereas concentrations of Cu were similar in both packinghouses wastewater. Greater concentrations of chemical constituents in the wastewater suggest that residues of pesticides, insecticides, and/or foliar-applied micronutrients on tomatoes may be the likely external sources of most constituents (especially P, Cu, and Zn) in wastewater.

关键词： tomatoes Wastewater Packinghouse Nutrients Trace Metals

Assessment of the Pesticides Utilization and the Pesticide Residues Presence in Fresh and Tomato Products for the Tomato Supply Chain in Rwanda

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2022年第12期13卷 963-972页

作者： Ndisanze Marc Antoine Kamana Emmanuel Nirere Claudine Ilkay Koca Department of Biotechnologies INES Ruhengeri Ruhengeri Rwanda Institute of Graduate Studies Department of Food Engineering Ondokuz Mayis University Samsun Turkiye

Pesticide residues are either natural or synthetic and are found in most edible products such as fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and other processed products. Excess of these pesticides’ residues is unsafe for consumption due to regulatory measures. Thus, it is beneficial to assess the level of residues of pesticides in the food diet in order to improve the standard of living of the population. This study intends to assess the pesticide usage and residue levels of selected pesticides in fresh tomatoes in the supply chain of Rwanda. The results of the study confirm that there are around 10 brands of pesticides used in Rwanda. 58.97% of the surveyed people around the country are males and 71.79% of farmers apply rockets as the main pesticide. More than 22% of surveyed farmers affirmed to consume the raw or/and unwashed tomatoes. This study revealed that the residues of the active ingredients contained in the pesticides are accumulated in unwashed tomatoes and the quantity of such residues is shown in this study. Deltamethrin was 0.64 ± 0. 009 mg·kg?1 in tomatoes collected in Rusizi district, cypermethrin 1.1435 ± 0. 0375 mg·kg?1 in tomatoes collected from Gisagara District, mancozeb residues was 0.620 ± 0.000 mg·kg?1 in tomatoes collected from Rusizi district. The results of the study also show that pesticide residues are not found in the washed tomatoes. Therefore, the detection of pesticide residues in unwashed tomatoes in some samples indicates the malpractice of residues among farmers in Rwanda. Also, consumers eating the unwashed fresh tomatoes are recommended to wash the tomatoes before use.

关键词： Pesticide Residues tomatoes Health Effect Social Economic

Assessment of Phytoavailability in the Cherry Tomato Plants Exposed to Lead and Chromium in a Nutrient Solution

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第9期5卷 176-188页

作者： Loubna Azariz Souad Elblidi Ahmed Yahyaoui Mohamed Fekhaoui Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco Pollution Unit Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology Scientific Institute Mohammed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco

The phytoavailability of lead and chromium in cherry tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum was studied both at the level of different parts of the plant (roots, stem, leaves and fruits) and at the level of its concentration in water and cultivation soil of. Two experiments are thence carried out by planting in bioponics, in a patented BIOTOP device, plants which are exposed via their root system to concentrations of 5 ppm, 10 ppm and 20 ppm of each contaminant (lead or chromium) in a nutrient solution. The results show that lead accumulates mainly in the roots with a significant amount as to allow its translocation into the stem and leaves, while only a small amount reaches the fruit. The results also show that when the concentration increases the lead content in the roots also increases, but decreases in the fruits with three floral bouquets. Conversely, the chromium substance decreases in the roots and increases in the fruit. Based on these results, we note that the average distribution of lead in the edible part of the plant is much higher than that of chromium, and also lead presence in the plant is higher compared to that of chromium.

关键词： Cherry tomatoes Lead Chromium Phytoavailability Bioponics

Intermodal Competition: Cargo Airships versus Long-Haul Trucking for Perishable Commodities

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Journal of Transportation Technologies 2024年第2期14卷 195-211页

作者： Barry Everett Prentice Transport Institute I.H. Asper School of Business University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada

Intermodal competition changes with changes in technology, economics, and environmental concerns. Trucks and airships are generally considered not to be competitors, but this depends on the distance of haul. The tonne-kilometer cost of trucking rises much more quickly with distance than it does the cost of a cargo airship. At some distance, the two modes are direct substitutes. The costs of the Mexico-Canada refrigerated truck supply chain are compared with the costs of a 100t-lift, electrically-powered airship. The flight characteristics of the Hindenburg Zeppelin are used as a model for a modern cargo airship. The supply chain cost of trucking tomatoes is used to test the theorical proposition. The cost difference works out to about US10￠/kg (5￠/lb) advantage for trucking Mexican tomatoes to Canada. However, this cost disadvantage of the airship could be made up by their vibrationless ride, better air circulation and one-day service versus four days by truck. This alternative form of transportation could have a positive impact on worldwide north-south distribution of food. Airships can overcome trade barriers and distance to open new markets for perishable food exports. In addition, they would reduce the carbon emissions of transport. Canada imports 160,000 refrigerated truckloads of fruits and vegetables by from the southern US and Mexico. With an average driving distance of 3,000 km, these trucks emit 606,000 MT of CO2 annually. Airships powered by hydrogen fuel cells would have zero-carbon emissions. Markets are not yet incorporating the environmental advantage of airships in any freight comparison, but inevitably this will be important.

关键词： Airship Refrigerated Trucks Mexico tomatoes Carbon-emissions Perishables