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A reservoir drying method for enhancing recovery of tight gas

Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第1期49卷 144-155页

作者： ZHANG Liehui XIONG Yu ZHAO Yulong TANG Hongming GUO Jingjing JIA Chunsheng LEI Qiang WANG Binghe State Key Laboratory of Oil&gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Institute of Exploration&Exploitation PetroChina Yumen Oil CompanyYumen 735019China

Based on the study of damage mechanisms of generalized water blocking and related water-blocking removal methods, the drying agents for enhancing tight gas reservoir recovery were developed, and the basic properties, injection mode and drying effect of the drying agents were evaluated. The chemical effect, thermal effect, salt resistance, salt resistance formulas and delay mechanism of the drying agent systems for different types of tight reservoirs were investigated through lab experiment. The solubility and solubilization properties of supercritical carbon dioxide on drying agent systems were tested.The injection mode of dissolving drying agent in supercritical carbon dioxide was proposed. The mechanisms of supercritical carbon dioxide with water in micropores of formation matrix were analyzed. Micro-pore structures and seepage characteristics of reservoir before and after drying were compared. Based on the characterization in combination of NMR and laser etched pore structure model, drying effects of the drying agents on bound water of different occurrences were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Lattice Boltzmann method was used to evaluate the influence of drying effect on gas micro-seepage ability.The influence of drying effect on productivity and production performance of gas well was analyzed by numerical simulation.The drying effect can greatly reduce water saturation of tight reservoir and improve the gas seepage capacity in near wellbore and fractures. This work can provide guidance for developing new measures in enhancing recovery of tight gas reservoirs.

关键词： tight gas reservoir drying enhancing gas recovery water-blocking removal drying agent seepage ability

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Theory and practice of unconventional gas exploration in carrier beds: Insight from the breakthrough of new type of shale gas and tight gas in Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第1期50卷 27-42页

作者： GUO Tonglou XIONG Liang YE Sujuan DONG Xiaoxia WEI Limin YANG Yingtao Sinopec Southwest Oil&gas Company Chengdu 610041China

Unconventional gas in the Sichuan Basin mainly includes shale gas and tight gas.The development of shale gas is mainly concentrated in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation,but has not made any significant breakthrough in the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation marine shale regardless of exploration efforts for years.The commercial development of tight sandstone gas is mainly concentrated in the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation,but has not been realized in the widespread and thick Triassic Xujiahe Formation.Depending on the geological characteristics of the Qiongzhusi Formation and Xujiahe Formation,the feedback of old wells was analyzed.Then,combining with the accumulation mechanisms of con-ventional gas and shale gas,as well as the oil/gas shows during drilling,changes in production and pressure during develop-ment,and other characteristics,it was proposed to change the exploration and development strategy from source and reservoir exploration to carrier beds exploration.With the combination of effective source rock,effective carrier beds and effective sand-stone or shale as the exploration target,a model of unconventional gas accumulation and enrichment in carrier beds was built.Under the guidance of this study,two significant results have been achieved in practice.First,great breakthrough was made in exploration of the silty shale with low organic matter abundance in the Qiongzhusi Formation,which breaks the traditional approach to prospect shale gas only in organic-rich black shales and realizes a breakthrough in new areas,new layers and new types of shale gas and a transformation of exploration and development of shale gas from single-layer system,Longmaxi For-mation,to multi-layer system in the Sichuan Basin.Second,exploration breakthrough and high-efficient development were re-alized for difficult-to-produce tight sandstone gas reserves in the Xujiahe Formation,which helps address the challenges of low production and unstable production of fracture zones in the Xujiahe Formation,promote the tr

关键词： Sichuan Basin carrier bed tight gas shale gas silty shale Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation Triassic Xujiahe Formation

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Quantitative evaluation of geological fluid evolution and accumulated mechanism:in case of tight sandstone gas field in central Sichuan Basin

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Petroleum Science 2021年第2期18卷 416-429页

作者： Ya-Hao Huang You-Jun Tang Mei-Jun Li Hai-Tao Hong Chang-Jiang Wu Ji-Zhen Zhang Xiao-Lin Lu Xiao-Yong Yang Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and gas Resources Ministry of EducationCollege of Resources and EnvironmentYangtze UniversityWuhan430100China Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting College of GeosciencesChina University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Southwest Oil and gas Field Branch Exploration and Development Research Institute PetroChina Company LimitedChengdu610051SichuanChina

tight gas exploration plays an important part in China’s unconventional energy strategy.The tight gas reservoirs in the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Qiulin and Jinhua gas Fields of central Sichuan Basin are characterized by shallow burial depths and large reserves.The evolution of the fluid phases is a key element in understanding the accumulation of hydrocarbons in tight gas reservoirs.This study investigates the fluid accumulation mechanisms and the indicators of reservoir properties preservation and degradation in a tight gas reservoir.Based on petrographic observations and micro-Raman spectroscopy,pure CH4 inclusions,pure CO2 inclusions,hybrid CH4–CO2 gas inclusions,and N2-rich gas inclusions were studied in quartz grains.The pressure–volume–temperature–composition properties(PVT-x)of the CH4 and CO2 bearing inclusions were determined using quantitative Raman analysis and thermodynamic models,while the density of pure CO2 inclusions was calculated based on the separation of Fermi diad.Two stages of CO2 fluid accumulation were observed:primary CO2 inclusions,characterized by higher densities(0.874–1.020 g/cm3)and higher homogenization temperatures(>210°C)and secondary CO2 inclusions,characterized by lower densities(0.514–0.715 g/cm3)and lower homogenization temperatures:~180–200°C).CO2 inclusions with abnormally high homogenization temperatures are thought to be the result of deep hydrothermal fluid activity.The pore fluid pressure(44.0–58.5 MPa)calculated from the Raman shift of C–H symmetric stretching(v1)band of methane inclusions is key to understanding the development of overpressure.PT entrapment conditions and simulation of burial history can be used to constrain the timing of paleo-fluid emplacement.Methane accumulated in the late Cretaceous(~75–65 Ma),close to the maximum burial depth during the early stages of the Himalayan tectonic event while maximum overpressure occurred at~70 Ma,just before uplift.Later,hydrocarbon gas migrated through the faults and gradually displaced the early emplaced

关键词： Raman quantitative analysis Fluid inclusions Pore fluid pressure tight gas

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A quantitative study of the scale and distribution of tight gas reservoirs in the Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin, northwest China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2021年第2期15卷 457-470页

作者： Chao LUO Ailin JIA Jianlin GUO Qing TIAN Junlei WANG Hun LIN Nanxin YIN Xuanbo GAO Chongqing University of Science and Technology Chongqing 401331China Engineering Research Center of Development and Management for Low to Ultra-Low Permeability Oil and gas Reservoirs in West China(Ministry of Education) Xi’an Shiyou UniversityXi’an 710065China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan 316022China

gas and water distribution is discontinuous in tight gas reservoirs,and a quantitative understanding of the factors controlling the scale and distribution of effective reservoirs is important for natural gas exploration.We used geological and geophysical explanation results,dynamic and static well test data,interference well test and static pressure test to calculate the distribution and characteristics of tight gas reservoirs in the H_(8) Member of the Shihezi Formation,Sulige gas field,Ordos Basin,northwest China.Our evaluation system examines the scale,physical properties,gas-bearing properties,and other reservoir features,and results in classification of effective reservoirs into types Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ that differ greatly in size,porosity,permeability,and saturation.The average thickness,length,and width of type Ⅰ effective reservoirs are 2.89,808,and 598 m,respectively,and the porosity is>10.0%,permeability is>1010^(–3)µm^(2),and average gas saturation is>60%.Compared with conventional gas reservoirs,tight gas effective reservoirs are small-scale and have low gas saturation.Our results show that the scale of the sedimentary system controls the size of the dominant microfacies in which tight gas effective reservoirs form.The presence of different types of interbeds hinders the connectivity of effective sand body reservoirs.The gas source conditions and pore characteristics of the reservoirs control sand body gas filling and reservoir formation.The physical properties and structural nature of the reservoirs control gas–water separation and the gas contents of effective reservoirs.The results are beneficial for the understanding of gas reservoir distribution in the whole Ordos Basin and other similar basins worldwide.

关键词： tight gas sandbody scale effective sand reservoir Ordos Basin

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tight gas charging and accumulation mechanisms and mathematical model

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第6期50卷 1411-1425页

作者： ZHOU Nengwu LU Shuangfang ZHANG Pengfei LIN Zizhi XIAO Dianshi LU Jiamin ZHU Yingkang LIU Yancheng LIN Liming WANG Min JIANG Xinyu LIU Yang WANG Ziyi LI Wenbiao Sanya Offshore Oil&gas Research Institute Northeast Petroleum UniversitySanya 572025China Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development Ministry of EducationNortheast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China Exploration and Development Research Institute PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company LimitedDaqing 163712China China United Coalbed Methane Co. Ltd.Beijing 100083China

The gas-water distribution and production heterogeneity of tight gas reservoirs have been summarized from experimental and geological observations, but the charging and accumulation mechanisms have not been examined quantitatively by mathematical model. The tight gas charging and accumulation mechanisms were revealed from a combination of physical simulation of nuclear magnetic resonance coupling displacement, numerical simulation considering material and mechanical equilibria, as well as actual geological observation. The results show that gas migrates into tight rocks to preferentially form a gas saturation stabilization zone near the source-reservoir interface. When the gas source is insufficient, gas saturation reduction zone and uncharged zone are formed in sequence from the source-reservoir interface. The better the source rock conditions with more gas expulsion volume and higher overpressure, the thicker the gas saturation stabilization and reduction zones, and the higher the overall gas saturation. When the source rock conditions are limited, the better the tight reservoir conditions with higher porosity and permeability as well as larger pore throat, the thinner the gas saturation stabilization and reduction zones, but the gas saturation is high. The sweet spot of tight gas is developed in the high-quality reservoir near the source rock, which often corresponds to the gas saturation stabilization zone. The numerical simulation results by mathematical model agree well with the physical simulation results by nuclear magnetic resonance coupling displacement, and reasonably explain the gas-water distribution and production pattern of deep reservoirs in the Xujiaweizi fault depression of the Songliao Basin and tight gas reservoirs in the Linxing-Huangfu area of the Ordos Basin.

关键词： tight gas charging and accumulation mechanism mathematical model Xujiaweizi fault depression Songliao Basin Linxing-Huangfu area Ordos Basin

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Upper Paleozoic total petroleum system and geological model of natural gas enrichment in Ordos Basin, NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第2期50卷 281-292页

作者： JIANG Fujie JIA Chengzao PANG Xiongqi JIANG Lin ZHANG Chunlin MA Xingzhi QI Zhenguo CHEN Junqing PANG Hong HU Tao CHEN Dongxia State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting Beijing 102249China College of Geoscience China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China PetroChina Research Institute of Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of gas Reservoir Formation and Development CNPCLangfang 065007China Key Laboratory of Basin Structure&Hydrocarbon Accumulation CNPCBeijing 100083China

Based on the analysis of Upper Paleozoic source rocks, source-reservoir-caprock assemblage, and gas accumulation characteristics in the Ordos Basin, the gas accumulation geological model of total petroleum system is determined. Then, taking the Carboniferous Benxi Formation and the Permian Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation as examples, the main controlling factors of gas accumulation and enrichment are discussed, and the gas enrichment models of total petroleum system are established. The results show that the source rocks, faults and tight reservoirs and their mutual coupling relations control the distribution and enrichment of gas. Specifically, the distribution and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks control the enrichment degree and distribution range of retained shale gas and tight gas in the source. The coupling between the hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks and the physical properties of tight reservoirs controls the distribution and sweet spot development of near-source tight gas in the basin center. The far-source tight gas in the basin margin is mainly controlled by the distribution of faults, and the distribution of inner-source, near-source and far-source gas is adjusted and reformed by faults. Generally, the Upper Paleozoic gas in the Ordos Basin is recognized in four enrichment models: inner-source coalbed gas and shale gas, inner-source tight sandstone gas, near-source tight gas, and far-source fault-transported gas. In the Ordos Basin, inner-source tight gas and near-source tight gas are the current focuses of exploration, and inner-source coalbed gas and shale gas and far-source gas will be important potential targets in the future.

关键词： Upper Paleozoic tight gas total petroleum system gas accumulation characteristics gas enrichment model Or-dos Basin

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gas accumulation conditions and key technologies for exploration & development of Sulige gasfield

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Petroleum Research 2018年第2期3卷 91-109页

作者： Jinhua Fu Liyong Fan Xinshe Liu Daojun Huang PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company Shaanxi710018China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyShaanxi710018China Exploration Department PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyShaanxi710018China National Engineering Laboratory of Low Permeability Oil and gas Field Exploration and Development Shaanxi710018China

Up to now,the Sulige area in Ordos Basin has the favorable exploration area of 55×10^(3) km^(2),the total reserve of natural gas of nearly 6×10^(12) m^(3) and the proven reserve(including basic proven reserve)of 4.77×10^(12) m^(3),where the annual production of natural gas reaches 23×10^(9) m^(3),and the Sulige gasfield is the largest onshore natural gas field in China.The pay zone of the Sulige gasfield mainly is Member 8 of Shihezi Formation and Member 1 of Shanxi Formation of Permian which belong to the typical tight sandstone gas reservoir.The coal measure strata in Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Permian Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation provide abundant gas sources for the Gulige gas reservoirs.An open-flow sedimentary model of lacustrine delta is developed,the gentle bottom,sand supply from multisource,strong hydrodynamic force and multi-period superposition control the distribution of largearea reservoir sand body.Lithology of the reservoir is the sandstone of the fluvial-delta facies,the physical property is poor and the heterogeneity is strong,the average porosity ranges from 4%to 12%and the average permeability varies from 0.01 to 1 mD.The gas reservoir is characterized by wide hydrocarbon generation,pervasive hydrocarbon charging,short-range migration and massive accumulation.The pressure coefficient of the gas reservoir ranges from 0.62 to 0.90,indicating the low-pressure gas reservoir,and the single-well yield is low.Full digital seismic technique in the desert area,nonlongitudinal seismic technique in the loess plateau,accurate logging evaluation technique,tight sand reservoir stimulation technology and horizontal well development technology are key technologies for exploration and development of Sulige gasfield.

关键词： Sulige gasfield Upper paleozoic tight gas Accumulation condition Key technology

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Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第3期89卷 938-971页

作者： ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi ZHU Rukai ZHANG Guosheng HOU Lianhua WU Songtao TAO Shizhen YUAN Xuanjun DONG Dazhong WANG Yuman WANG Lan HUANG Jinliang WANG Shufang PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil ＆ gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil ＆ gas resources.Unconventional oil ＆ gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration ＆ development,with tight oil becoming a ＇bright spot＇ domain and shale gas becoming a ＇hotspot＇ domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil ＆ gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated（223-263）×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and（890-1260）×l0^（12）m^3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil ＆ gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology ＆ technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil＆ gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil ＆ gas exploration and

关键词： Unconventional oil and gas Unconventional Petroleum geology fine-grainedsedimentology unconventional reservoir geology ＂man-made reservoir＂ development micro-/nano- scalepore throat tight gas tight oil shale gas shale oil

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Deep-Learning-Based Production Decline Curve Analysis in the gas Reservoir through Sequence Learning Models

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2022年第6期130卷 1579-1599页

作者： Shaohua Gu Jiabao Wang Liang Xue Bin Tu Mingjin Yang Yuetian Liu State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing100083China Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing100083China Department of Oil-gas Field Development Engineering College of Petroleum EngineeringChina University of PetroleumBeijing102249China

Production performance prediction of tight gas reservoirs is crucial to the estimation of ultimate recovery,which has an important impact on gas field development planning and economic evaluation.Owing to the model’s simplicity,the decline curve analysis method has been widely used to predict production performance.The advancement of deep-learning methods provides an intelligent way of analyzing production performance in tight gas reservoirs.In this paper,a sequence learning method to improve the accuracy and efficiency of tight gas production forecasting is proposed.The sequence learning methods used in production performance analysis herein include the recurrent neural network(RNN),long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network,and gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network,and their performance in the tight gas reservoir production prediction is investigated and compared.To further improve the performance of the sequence learning method,the hyperparameters in the sequence learning methods are optimized through a particle swarm optimization algorithm,which can greatly simplify the optimization process of the neural network model in an automated manner.Results show that the optimized GRU and RNN models have more compact neural network structures than the LSTM model and that the GRU is more efficiently trained.The predictive performance of LSTM and GRU is similar,and both are better than the RNN and the decline curve analysis model and thus can be used to predict tight gas production.

关键词： tight gas production forecasting deep learning sequence learning models

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Development of Petroleum Geology in China:Discussion on Continuous Petroleum Accumulation

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第5期24卷 796-803页

作者：邹才能陶士振杨智侯连华袁选俊朱如凯贾进华吴松涛公言杰高晓辉王岚汪洁 Department of Petroleum Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & DevelopmentPetroChina Department of Geological Sciences University of Florida

Petroleum exploration targets are extending gradually from the single conventional trap reservoirs to the large-scale unconventional continuous accumulations. Oil and gas reservoirs have been divided into two types based on the trapping mechanism and distribution of oil and gas： conven- tional single-trap reservoirs, such as the Daqing oil field in Songliao Basin and the Kela-2 gas field in Tarim Basin; and unconventional continuous petroleum accumulation, such as Upper Paleozoic tight gas and Mesozoic tight oil in Ordos Basin, and Upper Triassic tight gas in Sichuan Basin. Two typical geologic characteristics of continuous petroleum accumulation involve：（1） coexisting source and reser- voir, petroleum pervasive throughout a large area tight reservoirs, and no obvious traps or well-defined water-oil and gas contracts; （2） non-buoyancy accumulation, continuous petroleum charge, and no sig- nificant influence by buoyancy. Continuous petroleum accumulation generally have nm-scale pore throats, and the diameters range of 10-500 nm. The geometry and connectivity of these pore throats has significant impact on the migration and distribution of oil and gas in continuous petroleum accu- mulation. China has numerous continuous petroleum accumulation containing various petroleum de- posits, and the exploration of continuous resources is very promising. Unconventional petroleum geol- ogy will become an important new subject in petroleum geology in future, and the nano-technology will function greatly on research, exploration and development of the hydrocarbon accumulation in nano-pore-throats.

关键词： continuous petroleum accumulation unconventional petroleum geology nano-pore- throat tight gas tight oil.

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