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tight Carbonate Microstructure and its Controls: A Case Study of Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member, Central Sichuan Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 305-321页

作者： LI Bo WANG Xingzhi LIU Hongqi WANG Yongjun TIAN Jie HUO Fei GAO Zhaolong State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu 610500China School of Geoscience and Technology Southw est Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China The Institute of Exploration and Development of Southwest Oil and Gas Field Branch.PetroChina.Chengdu 610059 China

Cast thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) were used to examine the microstructure of tight carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Jurassic Da’anzhai Member, the central Sichuan Basin. The pore space in the Da’anzhai Member is classified into 2 types and 17 subtypes, with nano-scale pore throats of ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘Z’, and ‘I’ shapes. Poorly sorted pore throats vary greatly in diameter;thus, it is difficult for fluid flow to pass through these pore throats. There are three classes of pore throats in carbonate reservoirs, i.e. isolated pores, pores coexisting with fractures, and large pores and fractures. Isolated pores may provide some pore space, but the permeability is low. Pores and fractures coexisting in the reservoir may have a great impact on porosity and permeability;they are the major pore space in the reservoir. Large pores and fractures have a great impact on reservoir properties, but they only account for a limited proportion of total pore space. The microstructure of Da’anzhai reservoirs, which dominates fluid mobility, is dependent on sedimentary environment, diagenesis, and tectonic process. Pore structure is related to sedimentary environment. The occurrence of microfractures, which may improve reservoir properties, is dependent on tectonic process. Diageneses are of utmost importance to pore evolution, cementation and growth of minerals have played an important role in destroying reservoir microstructure.

关键词： tight carbonate rocks microscopic pore structure diagenesis Da'anzhai Member Lower Jurassic Sichuan Basin

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Binary pore structure characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2019年第6期46卷 1297-1306页

作者： ZHU Haihua ZHANG Tingshan ZHONG Dakang LI Yaoyu ZHANG Jingxuan CHEN Xiaohui Stake Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu 610500China School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China School of Earth Science China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China RMIT University MelbourneVIC 3000Australia

The pore structure and its influence on physical properties and oil saturation of the Triassic Chang 7 sandstones,Ordos Basin were discussed using thin sections,physical properties,oil saturation and mercury intrusion data.The results show that the tight sandstone has a binary pore structure:when the pore throat radius is larger than the peak radius,the pore radius is significantly larger than throat size,the pore structure is similar to the bead-string model with no fractal feature,and the pore throat volume is determined by the pore volume.When the pore throat radius is smaller than the peak radius,the pore structure is close to the capillary model and shows fractal features,the pore size is close to the throat size,and the pore throat volume is determined by the throat radius.The development of pore throats larger than the peak radius provides most of the oil storage space and is the major controlling factor for the porosity and permeability variation of tight sandstone.The pore throat smaller than the peak radius(including throats with no mercury invaded)contributes major reservoir space,it shows limited variation and has little effect on the change of physical properties which is lack of correlation with oil saturation.The pore throat larger than the peak radius is mainly composed of secondary and intergranular pores.Therefore genesis and main controlling factors of large pores such as intergranular and dissolved pores should be emphasized when predicting the tight sandstones quality.

关键词： tight sandstone pore structure reservoir fractal Triassic Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin

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Integrated hydraulic fracturing techniques to enhance oil recovery from tight rocks

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2019年第5期46卷 1065-1072页

作者： ZHOU Fujian SU Hang LIANG Xingyuan MENG Leifeng YUAN Lishan LI Xiuhui LIANG Tianbo State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Company Karamay 834000China

Two main challenges exist in enhancing oil recovery rate from tight oil reservoirs,namely how to create an effective complicated fracture network and how to enhance the imbibition effect of fracturing fluid.In response to the challenges,through modeling experiment in laboratory and evaluation of field application results,a set of integrated efficient fracturing and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)techniques suitable for tight oil development in China has been proposed.(1)Fracturing with temporary plugging agents to realize stimulation in multiple clusters,to form dense fracture network,and thus maximizing the drainage area;(2)Supporting induced fractures with micro-sized proppants during the prepad fluid fracture-making stage,to generate dense fracture network with high conductivity;(3)Using the liquid nanofluid as a fracturing fluid additive to increase oil-water displacement ratio and take advantage of the massive injected fracturing fluid and maximize the oil production after hydraulic fracturing.

关键词： tight oil hydraulic fracturing imbibition recovery temporary plugging agent micro-sized proppant nanofluid surfactant enhanced oil recovery

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DL-3-n-butylphthalide protects the blood-brain barrier against ischemia/hypoxia injury via upregulation of tight junction proteins

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Chinese Medical Journal 2019年第11期132卷 1344-1353页

作者： Zhan-Ying Ye Han-Ying Xing Bei Wang Min Liu Pei-Yuan Lv Department of Neurology Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei 050017 China Department of Neurosurgery Hebei General Hospital Shijiazhuang Hebei 050051 China Clinical Medical Research Center Hebei General Hospital Shijiazhuang Hebei 050051 China Department of Neurology Hebei General Hospital Shijiazhuang Hebei 050051 China

Background:The increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) induced by ischemia/hypoxia is generally correlated with alteration of tight junctions (TJs). DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects after ischemic injury. However, few studies have assessed the correlation between NBP and TJs. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of NBP on the TJ proteins claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin during brain ischemia. Methods: A chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) Sprague-Dawley rat model was established, and NBP (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg, gavage, once a day) treatment was performed for 14 days. NBP (0.1 or 1.0μmol/L) pre-treatment was applied to an in vitro hypoxia microvascular endothelial cell model (1%〇2, 24 h). BBB permeability was assessed by performing the Evans blue assay. The expressions and localization of claudin-5, ZO-1, occludin, phosphorylated/total protein kinase B (p-Akt/Akt), phosphorylated/total glycogen synthase kinase 3p (GSK-3(3)/GSK-3p, and (3-catenin/p-actin were evaluated by Western blotting or immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by flow cytometry analysis. TJ ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: In CCH rats, treatment with 40 and 80 mg/kg NBP decreased the Evans blue content in brain tissue (9.0 ± 0.9 (μg/g vs. 12.3 ± 1.9 (μg/g, P = 0.005;6.7 ± 0.6 μg/g vs. 12.3 ± 1.9μg/g, P 0.05). In the hypoxia cell model, NBP pre-treatment improved TJ ultrastructure, decreased intracellular ROS level, and increased the expression of claudin-5 (P < 0.01) and ZO-1 (P < 0.01) in comparison with the correspond

关键词： DL-3-n-butylphthalide Blood-brain barrier tight junctions Ischemia Claudin-5

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Spatial-temporal coupling between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs for tight sandstone oil and gas accumulations in the Songliao Basin, China

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2019年第3期29卷 387-397页

作者： Laixing Cai Guolin Xiao Shuangfang Lu Jiao Wang Zhiqiang Wu Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology Qingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China Research Institute of Unconventional Petroleum and Renewable Energy China University of Petroleum (East China)Qingdao 266580China

The spatial-temporal relationship between high-quality source rocks and reservoirs is a key factor when evaluating the formation,occurrence,and prospectivity of tight oil and gas reservoirs.In this study,we analyze the fundamental oil and gas accumulation processes occurring in the Songliao Basin,contrasting tight oil sand reservoirs in the south with tight gas sand reservoirs in the north.This is done using geochemical data,constant-rate and conventional mercury injection experiments,and fluid inclusion analyses.Our results demonstrate that as far as fluid mobility is concerned,the expulsion center coincides with the overpressure zone,and its boundary limits the occurrence of tight oil and gas accumulations.In addition,the lower permeability limit of high-quality reservoirs,controlled by pore-throat structures,is 0.1×10^-3μm^2 in the fourth member of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation(K1q^4)in the southern Songliao Basin,and 0.05×10^-3μm^2 in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation(K1sh)in the northern Songliao Basin.Furthermore,the results indicate that the formation of tight oil and gas reservoirs requires the densification of reservoirs prior to the main phase of hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks.Reservoir“sweet spots”develop at the intersection of high-quality source rocks(with high pore pressure)and reservoirs(with high permeability).

关键词： Spatial-temporal coupling High-quality source rock High-quality sandstone tight sandstone reservoir Songliao Basin

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Pore Size Distribution of a tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 219-232页

作者： LI Peng JIA Chengzao JIN Zhijun LIU Quanyou BI HeZHENG Min WU Songtao HUANG Zhenkai State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 100083China Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Ins Institute SINOPECBeijing 100083China China National Petroleum Corporation.Beijing 100724 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have sui

关键词： tight sandstone reservoir pore size distribution pore-throat structure Ordos Basin Chang 7 member

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Development characteristics and orientation of tight oil and gas in China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2019年第6期46卷 1073-1087页

作者： SUN Longde ZOU Caineng JIA Ailin WEI Yunsheng ZHU Rukai WU Songtao GUO Zhi Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for the Study of tight Oil and Shale Oil Accumulation Daqing 163712China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd. Daqing 163002China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

Through reviewing the development history of tight oil and gas in China,summarizing theoretical understandings in exploration and development,and comparing the geological conditions and development technologies objectively in China and the United States,we clarified the progress and stage of tight oil and gas exploration and development in China,and envisaged the future development orientation of theory and technology,process methods and development policy.In nearly a decade,relying on the exploration and development practice,science and technology research and management innovation,huge breakthroughs have been made.The laws of formation,distribution and accumulation of tight oil and gas have been researched,the development theories such as"multi-stage pressure drop"and"man-made reservoirs"have been established,and several technology series have been innovated and integrated.These technology series include enrichment regions selection,well pattern deployment,single well production and recovery factor enhancement,and low cost development.As a result,both of reserves and production of tight oil and gas increase rapidly.However,limited by the sedimentary environment and tectonic background,compared with North America,China’s tight oil and gas reservoirs are worse in continuity,more difficult to develop and poorer in economic efficiency.Moreover,there are still some gaps in reservoir identification accuracy and stimulating technology between China and North America.In the future,Chinese oil and gas companies should further improve the resource evaluation method,tackle key technologies such as high-precision 3D seismic interpretation,man-made reservoir,and intelligent engineering,innovate theories and technologies to enhance single well production and recovery rate,and actively endeavor to get the finance and tax subsidy on tight oil and gas.

关键词： tight oil and gas development history theoretical and technological advancement man-made oil and gas reservoir enhancing recovery factor development orientation

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Geological Controls on High Production of tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block, Eastern Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第2期94卷 430-443页

作者： QI Yu JU Yiwen MENG Shangzhi YU Kun LI Wuyang JIA Tianrang WU Jianguang CHEN Wangang LUO long Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Earth Sciences Durham University.Durham.Dill 3LEUK China United Coalbed Methane Co Ltd Beijing 100011China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuoHenan 454000China College of Geosciences China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China

tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.

关键词： tight sandstone gas structure fracture basin evolution Ordos Basin

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Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第3期93卷 622-636页

作者： LI Mi GUO Yinghai LI Zhuangfu WANG Huaichang ZHANG Jingxia Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane Resource and Reservoir Formation Process Ministry of EducationXuzhou 221008JiangsuChina School of Resources and Geosciences China University of Mining&TechnologyXuzhou 221116JiangsuChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development of Changqing Oilfield Company PetroChinaXi’an 710021ShaanxiChina

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin,a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments.In this study,three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability.The type-I sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats,of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio>30%).The pores in the type-II sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores,and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-II sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio0.5μm)constitute a large proportion.From type-I to type-III sandstones,the irreducible water saturation(Swo)decreased;furthermore,the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased.Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types,which indicate the type-III sandstones are better reservoirs,followed by type-II sandstones and type-I sandstones.As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality,the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.

关键词： tight gas sandstone pore-throat combination type throat characteristic gas-water relative permeability Zizhou area Ordos Basin

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Characteristics of tight Sandstone Reservoirs and Controls of Reservoir Quality: A Case Study of He 8 Sandstones in the Linxing Area, Eastern Ordos Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第3期93卷 637-659页

作者： GAO Xiangdong WANG Yanbin LI Yong GUO Hui NI Xiaoming WU Xiang ZHAO Shihu College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization&Sedimentary Minerals Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590ShandongChina Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey Beijing 100037China School of Energy Science and Engineering Henan Polytechnic UniversityJiaozuo 454000HenanChina China United Coalbed Methane Corporation Limited Beijing 100015China

Determining the process of densification and tectonic evolution of tight sandstone can help to understand the distribution of reservoirs and find relatively high-permeability areas.Based on integrated approaches of thin section,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),cathode luminescence(CL),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),N2 porosity and permeability,micro-resistivity imaging log(MIL)and three-dimensional seismic data analysis,this work discussed the reservoir characteristics of the member 8 of the Permian Xiashihezi Formation(He 8 sandstones)in the Linxing area of eastern Ordos Basin,determined the factors affecting reservoir quality,and revealed the formation mechanism of relatively high-permeability areas.The results show that the He 8 sandstones in the Linxing area are mainly composed of feldspathic litharenites,and are typical tight sandstones(with porosity<10%and permeability<1 mD accounting for 80.3%of the total samples).Rapid burial is the main reason for reservoir densification,which resulted in 61%loss of the primary porosity.In this process,quartz protected the original porosity by resisting compaction.The cementation(including carbonate,clay mineral and siliceous cementation)further densified the sandstone reservoirs,reducing the primary porosity with an average value of 28%.The calcite formed in the eodiagenesis occupied intergranular pores and affected the formation of the secondary pores by preventing the later fluid intrusion,and the Fe-calcite formed in the mesodiagenetic stage densified the sandstones further by filling the residual intergranular pores.The clay minerals show negative effects on reservoir quality,however,the chlorite coatings protected the original porosity by preventing the overgrowth of quartz.The dissolution of feldspars provides extensive intergranular pores which constitute the main pore type,and improves the reservoir quality.The tectonic movements play an important role in improving the reservoir quality.The current tectonic traces of the study area are m

关键词： tight gas reservoir quality high-permeability reservoirs Linxing area eastern Ordos Basin

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