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theropods, Mesoeucrocodiles and Pterosaurs Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Balochistan, Pakistan;Description with Large Photographs and Comparison with Coeval Taxa from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent

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Open Journal of Geology 2020年第5期10卷 510-551页

作者： Muhammad Sadiq Malkani Geological Survey of Pakistan Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir Pakistan

theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaurs (along with titanosaurian sauropods) are found in two overbank flood deposited mottled muds/shale units (alternated by meandering river deposited sandstone unit) of the latest Maastrichtian (67 - 66 Ma) Vitakri Formation, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. These vertebrates coexisted under the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary line of control and became extinct as mass extinction. Previously these taxa lack the detail description but here theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur from Pakistan are being described well with large photographs which provide better understanding of fauna from Pakistan and comparison with coeval taxa from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. These fauna with associated cranial and postcranial skeletons are significant for Gondwanan paleobiogeography and phylogenetic studies.

关键词： theropods Mesoeucrocodiles Pterosaurs Latest Maastrichtian Pakistan

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New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan

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Open Journal of Geology 2024年第3期14卷 431-511页

作者： Muhammad Sadiq Malkani Geological Survey of Pakistan Muzaffarabad Pakistan

Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan. Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented. Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1 titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and 3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10 km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in a short period (67 - 66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and sauropods, there is a n

关键词： Coal Gypsum Ironstone Silica sands Geochemical Exploration Dinosaurs Titanosauriformes Titanosaurs theropods Revision Balochistan Pakistan

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A Review of the Tetrapod Track Record in China,with Special Reference to Type Ichnospecies:Implications for Ichnotaxonomy and Paleobiology

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第1期87卷 1-20页

作者： Martin G.LOCKLEY LI Jianjun LI Rihui Masaki MATSUKAWA Jerald D.HARRIS XING Lida University of Colorado Denver Dinosaur Tracks Research Group Beijing Museum of Natural History Museum Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology China Geological Survey Department of Environmental Sciences Tokyo Gakugei University Department of Physical Sciences Dixie State College Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta11455 Saskatchewan Drive

＂Splitting＂ and ＂lumping＂ are perpetual problems in vertebrate, especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy. Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy, which began in 1940, provides a series of interesting case studies, highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies （one Triassic, 28 Jurassic, and 34 Cretaceous）, exclusive of other, non-type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China. Fifty-two （~83%） of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level, we prune---either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy--17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera （a 32% reduction）, leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa, which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes. Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa （only six of 21 ichnogenera） are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time. Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies. This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy, which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.

关键词： Dinosaurs birds theropods ichnotaxonomy Mesozoic China

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The first theropod tracks from the Middle Jurassic of Gansu,Northwest China:new and rare evidence of quadrupedal progression in theropod dinosaurs

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2019年第2期8卷 198-208页

作者： Da-Qing Li Li-Da Xing Martin G.Lockley Anthony Romilio Jing-Tao Yang Long-Feng Li Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and College of Life Science and Technology Gansu Agricultural University School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing) State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences(Beijing) Dinosaur Trackers Research Group University of Colorado Denver School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland

A new Middle Jurassic tracksite dominated by non-avian theropod footprints from the Wangjiashan Formation in Pingchuan District,Baojishan Basin,Gansu Province has yielded a unique trackway with four consecutive manus-pes *** three previous examples,all Early Jurassic in age,of theropod trackways are known with convincing examples of manus tracks and in each case,only two tracks were recorded in association with pes tracks with metatarsal impressions and pelvic traces indicating crouching ***,this is the first example of manus tracks registered while a theropod trackmaker was *** unique configuration is here designated as Grallator pingchuanensis *** shows the trackmaker forelimbs registering in a wide straddle gait,much wider than the pes trackway *** confirms previous reports that theropods could occasionally register tridactyl,ectaxonic manus *** the case of the Pingchuan trackway,the short step indicates an animal moving at a slow speed,probably due to a soft substrate.

关键词： Wangjiashan Formation Grallatorid Grallator theropods Dinosaur tracks

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Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene Transitions and Mesozoic Vertebrates from Pakistan

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Open Journal of Geology 2021年第8期11卷 275-318页

作者： Muhammad Sadiq Malkani Geological Survey of Pakistan Muzaffarabad Pakistan

The Jurassic-Cretaceous (J/K) and Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundaries/transitions are found in Pakistan especially well exposed on the western continental margin of the Indo-Pakistan plate (part of Gondwana) like Kirthar, Sulaiman and Kohat and Potwar basins. Its lithology is variable both lateral and also vertical. The J/K and K/Pg transitions are represented by terrestrial and marine strata like laterite, bauxite, vary colored shale, sandstones and conglomerates and rare limestone beds. Mesozoic vertebrates found so far belong to archosaurs like poripuchian titanosaurs (sauropods), theropods, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, snake and bird are briefly overviewed here.

关键词： J/K Transition K/Pg Boundary Cretaceous Poripuchian Titanosaurs theropods Mesoeucrocodiles Pterosaurs Snake Bird Pakistan

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