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Quantify Urbanization-Induced Precipitation and Runoff Anomalies over the Qinhuai River Basin of China: Sensitivity Experiments with WRF-Hydro

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第5期 999-1020页

作者： Jie WANG Shiguang MIAO Fei CHEN Institute of Urban Meteorology Key Laboratory of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100089 China Meteorological Administration Hydro-Meteorology Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Division of Environment and Sustainability The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Urbanization-related precipitation and surface runoff changes have been widely investigated, but few studies have directly quantified these changes and their link to urbanization in the hydrological cycle. A two-way dynamically coupled atmospheric–hydrological modeling system, Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-Hydro, has been applied in this study to perform the quantification. The offline WRF-Hydro was first calibrated and validated for several flooding events against gauge observed streamflow data, with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency reaching 0.9. Compared to the WRF model, WRF-Hydro resolves more detailed rainfall pattern features and reproduces the gauge rainfall with a correlation coefficient of 0.8. Then, the impact of urbanization on hydrometeorological processes was investigated with coupled WRF-Hydro sensitivity simulations over the Qinhuai River basin of China during 2 June–31 July2015. The results indicate that urbanization enhances regional precipitation, resulting in an indirect increase in surface runoff, overland flow, and streamflow by 16.7, 93.5, and 111.2 mm, respectively; however, the impervious area results in higher surface runoff, overland flow, and streamflow. Moreover, changes in main hydrometeorological processes further impact the atmospheric–terrestrial water budget, resulting in a decrease in terrestrial water storage and an increase(a decrease) in precipitable water storage in the middle(lower) parts of the lower troposphere. These changes are likely associated with the warmer urban environment than rural areas. Increased water vapor and strengthened convective conditions in the middle part of the lower troposphere due to urban warming are advantageous to the formation of precipitation in urban areas, which in turn increases surface runoff, thereby facilitating the water cycle and altering the atmospheric–terrestrial water budget.

关键词： urbanization atmospheric–terrestrial water budget coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Hydro model thermodynamic condition

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Reaction mechanism between“memory effect”and induction time of gas hydrate formation

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Journal of Coal Science & Engineering(China) 2008年第2期14卷 280-282页

作者：孙登林吴强张保勇 Safety Engineering College Heilongjiang Institute of Science and TechnologyHarbin 150027China College of Resource and Environment Engineering Liaoning Technical UniversityFuxin 123000China

Abstract Using visual experimental apparatus, one system （T40, 1×10^-3 mol/L, nonadded with coal） and another system （T40, 2×10^-3 mol/L, added with coal） were experimented with for three times and two times, respectively. Five groups of P-T experimental parameters were obtained using the data logger system and analyzed combined with the video information of the experiments. Major conclustions show that the induction time is shortened by 10-20 times in the experimental system containing residual pentahedral ring structures; ＂memory effect＂ can accelerate the dynamic progress and improve the thermodynamic conditions of gas hydrate formation.

关键词： memory effect induction time thermodynamic condition gas hydrate

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Gas hydrate formation in fine sand

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Science China Earth Sciences 2013年第3期56卷 549-556页

作者： ZANG XiaoYa LIANG DeQing WU NengYou Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Center for Gas Hydrate Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Gas hydrate formation from two types of dissolved gas (methane and mixed gas) was studied under varying thermodynamic conditions in a novel apparatus containing two different natural media from the South China Sea. The testing media consisted of silica sand particles with diameters of 150-250 μm and 250-380 μm. Hydrate was formed (as in nature) in salt water that occupies the interstitial space of the partially water-saturated silica sand bed. The experiments demonstrate that the rate of hydrate formation is a function of particle diameter, gas source, water salinity, and thermodynamic conditions. The initiation time of hydrate formation was very short and pressure decreased rapidly in the initial stage. The process of mixed gas hydrate formation can be divided into three stages for each type of sediment. Sand particle diameter and water salinity also can influence the formation process of hydrate. The conversion rate of water to hydrate was different under varying thermodynamic conditions, although the formation processes were similar. The conversion rate of methane hydrate in the 250-380 μm sediment was greater than that in the 150-250μm sediment. However, the sediment grain size has no significant influence on the conversion rate of mixed gas hydrate.

关键词： formation kinetics water conversion rate natural porous media thermodynamic condition

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