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thermal management for the underwater frontend and readout electronics of JUNO 20‑inch PMTs

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2023年第3期7卷 418-426页

作者： Yangfu Wang Xiaoshan Jiang Jun Hu Peiliang Wang Lei Fan Shaojing Hou Zhe Ning Yunhua Sun Xiongbo Yan Zheng Wang Ziyue Yan Peiran Ye Jie Zhang Alberto Garfagnini Antonio Bergnoli Riccardo Brugnera Beatrice Jelmini Filippo Marini Marco Grassi Mariia Redchuk Andrea Serafini Katharina von Sturm Institute of High Energy Physics BeijingChina University of China Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China INFN Sezione di Padova PaduaItaly Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Universita di PadovaPaduaItaly

Background The Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory(JUNO)is a new generation of long-term operation neutrino experimental platform under construction in Jiangmen,Guangdong province of southern China.The underwater frontend and readout electronics(F&R electronics)are placed nearby the 20-inch PMTs and readout current signals from three PMTs.The electronics are sealed in a stainless-steel underwater box to keep them dry,and temperature control of the electronics plays a significant role in their reliability.Methods A conductive cooling structure based on the passive cooling method is designed for the 20-inch PMT F&R electronics.Both numerical simulation and experimental tests were performed to evaluate the cooling structures'thermal performance.Results The results show that the case temperature of the respective chip for 20-inch PMT F&R electronics is less than 30℃in ambient still water.Conclusion The case temperature of the respective chip meets the strict temperature requirement for the F&R electronics.The JUNO collaboration has adopted this cooling structure for the 20-inch PMT readout electronics.

关键词： thermal management JUNO PMT Electronics

thermal management Optimization of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module with Graphite Sheet Fins and Liquid Cold Plates

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Automotive Innovation 2020年第4期3卷 336-346页

作者： Guohua Wang Qing Gao Yuying Yan Yongzhen Wang State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control Jilin UniversityChangchun 130025China Faculty of Engineering University of NottinghamNottingham NG72RDUK Department of thermal Engineering Jilin UniveristyNanling CampusChangchun 130022China

Temperature uniformity of lithium-ion batteries and maintaining the temperature within the range for efficient operation are addressed.First,Liquid cold plates are placed on the sides of a prismatic battery,and fins made of aluminum alloy or graphite sheets are applied between battery cells to improve the heat transfer performance.Then a simulation model is built with 70 battery cells and 6 liquid cold plates,and the performance is analyzed according to the flow rate,liquid temperature,and discharge rate.Finally,the results show that temperature differences are mainly caused by the liquid cold plates.The fin surface determines the equivalent thermal conductivity of the battery.The graphite sheets have heterogeneous thermal conductivity,which help improve temperature uniformity and reduce the temperature gradient.With lower density than the aluminum alloy,they offer a lower gravimetric power density for the same heat transfer capacity.In addition to the equivalent thermal conductivity,the temperature difference between the cooling liquid and battery surface is an important parameter for temperature uniformity.Optimizing the fin thickness is found to be an effective way to reduce the temperature difference between the liquid and battery during cooling and improve the temperature uniformity.

关键词： thermal management Lithium-ion battery Liquid cold plate Temperature uniformity

thermal management of Electrified Propulsion System for Low-Carbon Vehicles

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Automotive Innovation 2020年第4期3卷 299-316页

作者： Bo Li Huang Kuo Xuehui Wang Yiyi Chen Yangang Wang David Gerada Sean Worall Ian Stone Yuying Yan Faculty of Engineering University of NottinghamNottingham NG72RDUK Dynex Semiconductor Limited Doddington RoadLincoln LN63LFUK GKN Driveline Ltd Pentagon SAbingdon OX143PZUK

An overview of current thermal challenges in transport electrification is introduced in order to underpin the research developments and trends of recent thermal management techniques.Currently,explorations of intelligent thermal management and control strategies prevail among car manufacturers in the context of climate change and global warming impacts.Therefore,major cutting-edge systematic approaches in electrified powertrain are summarized in the first place.In particular,the important role of heating,ventilation and air-condition system(HVAC)is emphasised.The trends in developing efficient HVAC system for future electrified powertrain are analysed.Then electric machine efficiency is under spotlight which could be improved by introducing new thermal management techniques and strengthening the efforts of driveline integrations.The demanded integration efforts are expected to provide better value per volume,or more power output/torque per unit with smaller form factor.Driven by demands,major thermal issues of high-power density machines are raised including the comprehensive understanding of thermal path,and multiphysics challenges are addressed whilst embedding power electronic semiconductors,non-isotropic electromagnetic materials and thermal insulation materials.Last but not least,the present review has listed several typical cooling techniques such as liquid cooling jacket,impingement/spray cooling and immersion cooling that could be applied to facilitate the development of integrated electric machine,and a mechanic-electric-thermal holistic approach is suggested at early design phase.Conclusively,a brief summary of the emerging new cooling techniques is presented and the keys to a successful integration are concluded.

关键词： thermal management Electrified powertrain Efficient cooling and heating Electric machine and control High power electronics

thermal management of nanoliquid forced convective flow over heated blocks in channel by using double elliptic porous objects

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Propulsion and Power Research 2021年第3期10卷 262-276页

作者： Fatih Selimefendigil Hakan FÖztop Department of Mechanical Engineering Manisa Celal Bayar UniversityManisa45410Turkey Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology FacultyFõrat University23119Turkey

Effects of using nanoliquid and double porous elliptic objects on the flow separation and convective heat transfer control for flow over multiple heated blocks in channel are numerically investigated by using finite element method.Spherical,brick,blade and cylindrical shaped alumina particles are used in water up to solid volume fraction of 2%.Impacts of Reynolds number(50≤Re≤500),permeability of the porous ellipses(10^(-5)≤D_(a1)≤5×10^(-2) and 10^(-5)≤D_(a2)≤5×10^(-2)),aspect ratio of the ellipses(0.25≤AR_(1)≤1.5,0.25≤AR_(2)≤1.5),distance between the ellipses(0.2H≤sx≤1.6H)and distance of the first ellipse from inlet(-H≤mx≤H)on the hydro-thermal performance are explored.The highest performance improvement is obtained by using the cylindrical shaped particles in the base heat transfer fluid at the highest solid volume fraction and the amount of heat transfer enhancement are 33%and 40.5%for hot blocks while negligible pressure drop is observed.Varying the aspect ratio of the ellipses in the perpendicular direction to the flow,up to 25%and 30%heat transfer increment are obtained for hot block with slight rise of pressure coefficient.However,when varying the horizontal location of the porous ellipses in the channel and permeability of them,there is considerable rise of pressure drop.Variation of the average heat transfer from the hot blocks with varying permeability of the ellipses are obtained as 32%and 25%.Successful hydro-thermal performance estimation results are achieved by using artificial neural networks with feed-forward network architecture of 1 hidden layer and 17 neurons.

关键词： thermal management Porous ellipses Finite element method Hydro-thermal performance Nanoliquid Nanoparticle shape

Flexible,Highly thermally Conductive and Electrically Insulating Phase Change Materials for Advanced thermal management of 5G Base Stations and Thermoelectric Generators

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Nano-Micro Letters 2023年第3期15卷 1-15页

作者： Ying Lin Qi Kang Yijie Liu Yingke Zhu Pingkai Jiang Yiu‑Wing Mai Xingyi Huang Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and thermal Ageing Department of Polymer Science and Engineeringthe State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240People’s Republic of China Centre for Advanced Materials Technology(CAMT) School of AerospaceMechanical and Mechatronic Engineering J07The University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia

thermal management has become a crucial problem for high-power-density equipment and devices.Phase change materials(PCMs)have great prospects in thermal management applications because of their large capacity of heat storage and isothermal behavior during phase transition.However,low intrinsic thermal conductivity,ease of leakage,and lack of flexibility severely limit their applications.Solving one of these problems often comes at the expense of other performance of the PCMs.In this work,we report core–sheath structured phase change nanocomposites(PCNs)with an aligned and interconnected boron nitride nanosheet network by combining coaxial electrospinning,electrostatic spraying,and hot-pressing.The advanced PCN films exhibit an ultrahigh thermal conductivity of 28.3 W m^(-1)K^(-1)at a low BNNS loading(i.e.,32 wt%),which thereby endows the PCNs with high enthalpy(>101 J g^(-1)),outstanding ductility(>40%)and improved fire retardancy.Therefore,our core–sheath strategies successfully balance the trade-off between thermal conductivity,flexibility,and phase change enthalpy of PCMs.Further,the PCNs provide powerful cooling solutions on 5G base station chips and thermoelectric generators,displaying promising thermal management applications on high-power-density equipment and thermoelectric conversion devices.

关键词： Coaxial electrospinning Boron nitride nanosheets Phase change nanocomposites thermal conductivity thermal management

Functional Materials and Innovative Strategies for Wearable thermal management Applications

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Nano-Micro Letters 2023年第9期15卷 562-603页

作者： Yeongju Jung Minwoo Kim Taegyeom Kim Jiyong Ahn Jinwoo Lee Seung Hwan Ko Applied Nano and thermal Science Lab Department of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak-roGwanak-guSeoul 08826South Korea Department of Mechanical Roboticsand Energy EngineeringDongguk University30 Pildong-ro 1-gilJung-guSeoul 04620South Korea Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design(SNU-IAMD) Seoul National UniversityGwanak-roGwanak-guSeoul 08826South Korea Institute of Engineering Research Seoul National University1 Gwanak-roGwanak-guSeoul 08826South Korea

thermal management is essential in our body as it affects various bodily functions,ranging from thermal discomfort to serious organ failures,as an example of the worst-case scenario.There have been extensive studies about wearable materials and devices that augment thermoregulatory functionalities in our body,employing diverse materials and systematic approaches to attaining thermal homeostasis.This paper reviews the recent progress of functional materials and devices that contribute to thermoregulatory wearables,particularly emphasizing the strategic methodology to regulate body temperature.There exist several methods to promote personal thermal management in a wearable form.For instance,we can impede heat transfer using a thermally insulating material with extremely low thermal conductivity or directly cool and heat the skin surface.Thus,we classify many studies into two branches,passive and active thermal management modes,which are further subdivided into specific strategies.Apart from discussing the strategies and their mechanisms,we also identify the weaknesses of each strategy and scrutinize its potential direction that studies should follow to make substantial contributions to future thermal regulatory wearable industries.

关键词： thermal management Passive heat transfer Active heat transfer Wearable materials Wearable device

Research Advances on AI-Powered thermal management for Data Centers

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2022年第2期27卷 303-314页

作者： Hui Liu AbdusSalam Aljbri Jie Song Jinqing Jiang Chun Hua the School of Metallurgy Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China the Software College Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110169China the College of Computer Science and Technology Inner Mongolia University for NationalitiesTongliao 010021China

Given the complex nature of data centers’thermal management,which costs too many resources,processing time,and energy consumption,thermal awareness and thermal management powered by artificial intelligence(AI)are the targeted study.In addition to a few research on AI techniques and models,other strategies have also been introduced in recent years.Data center models,including cooling,thermal,power,and workload models,and their relationship are factors that need to be understood in the optimal thermal management system.Simulation approaches have been proposed to help validate new models or methods used for scheduling and consolidating processes and virtual machines(VMs),hotspot identification,thermal state estimation,and power usage change.AI-powered thermal optimization leads to improved process scheduling and consolidation of VMs and eliminates the hotspot from happening.At present,research on AI-powered thermal control is still in its infancy.This paper concludes with four issues in thermal management,which will be the scope of further research.

关键词： data center thermal management artificial intelligence heuristic metaheuristic

Hydrophobic aerogel-modified hemostatic gauze with thermal management performance

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Bioactive Materials 2023年第8期26卷 142-158页

作者： Xiaoli Jia Chao Hua Fengbo Yang Xiaoxiao Li Peng Zhao Feifan Zhou Yichi Lu Hao Liang Malcolm Xing Guozhong Lyu Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology Jiangnan UniversityAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China Wuxi School of Medicine Jiangnan UniversityWuxi214000China Medical School of Nantong University Nantong226019China Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing210023China Changhai Clinical Research Unit Shanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China Department of Mechanical Engineering University of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2Canada

Current hemostatic agents or dressings are not efficient under extremely hot and cold environments due to deterioration of active ingredients,water evaporation and ice crystal growth.To address these challenges,we engineered a biocompatible hemostatic system with thermoregulatory properties for harsh conditions by combining the asymmetric wetting nano-silica aerogel coated-gauze(AWNSA@G)with a layer-by-layer(LBL)structure.Our AWNSA@G was a dressing with a tunable wettability prepared by spraying the hydrophobic nano-silica aerogel onto the gauze from different distances.The hemostatic time and blood loss of the AWNSA@G were 5.1 and 6.9 times lower than normal gauze in rat’s injured femoral artery model.Moreover,the modified gauze was torn off after hemostasis without rebleeding,approximately 23.8 times of peak peeling force lower than normal gauze.For the LBL structure,consisting of the nano-silica aerogel layer and a n-octadecane phase change material layer,in both hot(70℃)and cold(-27℃)environments,exhibited dual-functional thermal management and maintained a stable internal temperature.We further verified our composite presented superior blood coagulation effect in extreme environments due to the LBL structure,the pro-coagulant properties of nano-silica aerogel and unidirectional fluid pumping of AWNSA@G.Our work,therefore,shows great hemostasis potential under normal and extreme temperature environments.

关键词： Hydrophobic hemostasis thermal management Hydrophobic methyl modified nano-silica aerogel Harsh environments Unidirectional fluid pumping

A strategy for constructing 3D ordered boron nitride aerogels-based thermally conductive phase change composites for battery thermal management

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第29期160卷 248-257页

作者： Yue Lu Ruiping Hu Xiangping Chen Yongxiao Bai Institute of Soft Matter and Advanced Functional Materials Graphene Institute of Lanzhou University-Fangda Carbon Co.Ltd.Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of Ministry of EducationSchool of Materials and EnergyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Phase change materials(PCMs)have great potential in thermal energy management,but their low ther-mal conductivity,easy leakage,and poor thermal stability limit their wide application.After constructing the biomimetic leaf-vein-like three-dimensional(3D)structure of boron nitride(BN)and impregnated with polyethylene glycol(PEG),the comprehensive properties of phase change composites were effec-tively enhanced under low filler content.The PEG is stored in the 3D structure of BN,which can prevent leakage at high temperatures and enhance the composites’thermal stability and storage modulus.As a fast channel of transmission of phonons,the BN skeleton can effectively reduce thermal resistance.When the amount of filler is 10 vol%,the highest thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs is 2.62 W m-1 K-1,which is 10.1 times than that of pure PEG.Under the infrared camera,the composite PCMs yielded excellent battery thermal management performance,indicating that the material has great potential in thermal management.

关键词： Phase change materials(PCMs) Boron nitride thermal conductivity thermal management