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termites and Chinese agricultural system: applications and advances in integrated termite management and chemical control

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Insect Science 2021年第1期28卷 2-20页

作者： Farhan Ahmad Hatem Fouad Shi-You Liang Yin Hu Jian-Chu Mo Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests Institute of Insect SciencesCollege of Agricultural and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina Entomology Section Central Cotton Research InstituteSakrandShaheed BenazirabadSindhPakistan Department of Field Crop Pests Plant Protection Research InstituteAgricultural Research CentreCairoEgypt National termite Control Center HangzhouChina Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects Institute of Insect SciencesCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityYuhangtang Road 866Hangzhou 310058China

termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the ***,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural *** is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their *** this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and *** application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural ***,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.

关键词： entomopathogens geographical distribution integrated termite management termite

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Comparison of gut-associated and nest-associated microbial communities of a fungus-growing termite （Odontotermes yunnanensis）

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Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 265-276页

作者： Yan-Hua Long Lei Xie Ning Liu Xing Yan Ming-Hui Li Mei-Zhen Fan Qian Wang Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control Anhui Agricultural University Hefei Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China

The digestion of cellulose by fungus-growing termites involves a complex of different organisms, such as the termites themselves, fungi and bacteria. To further investigate the symbiotic relationships of fungus-growing termites, the microbial communities of the termite gut and fungus combs of Odontotermes yunnanensis were examined. The major fungus species was identified as Termitomyces sp. To compare the micro-organism diversity between the digestive tract of termites and fungus combs, four polymerase chain reaction clone libraries were created （two fungus-targeted internal transcribed spacer [ITS] - ribosomal DNA [rDNA] libraries and two bacteria-targeted 16S rDNA libraries）, and one library of each type was produced for the host termite gut and the symbiotic fimgus comb. Results of the fungal clone libraries revealed that only Termitomyces sp. was detected on the fungus comb; no non-Termitomyces fungi were detected. Meanwhile, the same fungus was also found in the termite gut. The bacterial clone libraries showed higher numbers and greater diversity of bacteria in the termite gut than in the fungus comb. Both bacterial clone libraries from the insect gut included Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Nitrospira, Deferribacteres, and Fibrobacteres, whereas the bacterial clone libraries from the fungal comb only contained Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteris.

关键词： fungus comb gut ITS phylotype termite Termitomyces

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Effect of transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from termite to rumen fluid of sheep on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, microbial populations and enzyme activity

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第5期19卷 1323-1331页

作者： Ayoub AZIZI Afrooz SHARIFI Hasan FAZAELI Arash AZARFAR Arjan JONKER Ali KIANI Department of Animal Science Faculty of AgricultureLorestan UniversityKhorramabad ***Iran Animal Science Research Department Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education CenterAhvaz 613353341Iran Animal Science Research Institute AgricultureEducation and Extension OrganizationKaraj 315Iran Grasslands Research Centre AgResearch Ltd.Palmerston North 4442New Zealand

The digestive tract of termite(Microcerotermes diversus) contains a variety of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria with exocellulases enzyme activity, not found in the rumen, which could potentially improve fiber degradation in the rumen. The objectives of the current study were to determine the effect of inoculation of rumen fluid(RF) with three species of bacteria isolated from termite digestive tract, Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium, and Microbacterium paludicola, on in vitro gas production(IVGP), fermentation parameters, nutrient disappearance, microbial populations, and hydrolytic enzyme activities with fibrous wheat straw(WS) and date leaf(DL) as incubation substrate. Inoculation of RF with either of three termite bacteria increased(Ptermite gut bacteria). termite bacteria inoculation had no effect(P>0.05) on gas production characteristics, dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearance, pH, and concentration and composition of volatile fatty acids. Population of proteolytic bacteria and protozoa, but not cellulolytic bacteria, were increased(Ptermite bacteria with both WS and DL substrates. Inoculation of RF with termite bacteria increased protease activity, while activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase, microcrystalline-cellulase, α-amylase and filter paper degrading activity remained unchanged(P>0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicated that transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, isolated from digestive tract of termite, to rumen liquid increased protozoa and proteolytic bacteria population and consequently increased protease activity and ammonia-N concentration in vitro, however, no effect on fermentation and fiber degradation parameters were detected. These results suggest that the termite bacteria might be rapidly lysed by the rumen microbes before beneficial effects on the rumen fermentation proc

关键词： enzyme activity gas production lignocellulose-degrading bacteria microbial population termite bacteria

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Elusive workers are more likely to differentiate into replacement reproductives than aggressive workers in a lower termite

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Current Zoology 2023年第3期69卷 332-338页

作者： Zhuang-Dong Bai Chong-Yang Shi David Sillam-Dusses Rui-Wu Wang School of Ecology and Environment Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology LEECUR 4443University Sorbonne Paris NordVilletaneuseFrance

One of the most intriguing questions in eusocial insects is to understand how the overt reproductive conflict in the colony appears limited when queens or kings are senescent or lost because the morphologically similar individuals in the colony are reproductively *** there are some individuals who preferentially differentiate into replacement reproductives or not has received little *** consistent individual behavioral differences(also termed“animal personality”)of individuals from the colony can shape cunningly their task and consequently affect the colony fitness but have been rarely investigated in eusocial ***,we used the termite Reticulitermes labralis to investigate if variations in individual personalities(elusiveness and aggressiveness)may predict which individuals will perform reproductive differentiation within *** observed that when we separately reared elusive and aggressive workers,elusive workers differentiate into reproductives significantly earlier than aggressive *** we reared them together in the proportions 12:3,10:5,and 8:7(aggressive workers:elusive workers),the first reproductives mostly differentiated from the elusive workers,and the reproductives differentiated from the elusive workers significantly earlier than from aggressive ***,we found that the number of workers participating in reproductive differentiation was significantly lower in the groups of both types of workers than in groups containing only elusive *** results demonstrate that the elusiveness trait was a strong predictor of workers’differentiation into replacement reproductives in ***,our results suggest that individual personalities within the insect society could play a key role in resolving the overt reproductive conflict.

关键词： consistent individual behavioral differences reproductive conflict reproductive differentiation,Reticulitermes labralis termite

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Exploring the region-wise diversity and functions of symbiotic bacteria in the gut system of wood-feeding termite,Coptotermes formosanus,toward the degradation of cellulose,hemicellulose,and organic dyes

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Insect Science 2022年第5期29卷 1414-1432页

作者： Mudasir A.Dar Rongrong Xie Radhakrishna S.Pandit Blessing Danso Chenchen Dong Jianzhong Sun Biofuels Institute School of the Environment and Safety EngineeringJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Zoology Savitribai Phule Pune UniversityGaneshkhindPuneIndia

The wood-feeding termite Coptotermes formosanus represents a unique and impressive system for lignocellulose *** highly efficient digestion of lignocellulose is achieved through symbiosis with gut symbionts like *** extensive research during the last three decades,diversity of bacterial symbionts residing in individual gut regions of the termite and their associated functions is still *** this end,cellulose,xylan,and dye-decolorization bacteria residing in foregut,midgut,and hindgut regions of *** were enlisted by using enrichment and culture-dependent molecular methods.A total of 87 bacterial strains were successfully isolated from different gut regions of *** which belonged to 27 different species of 10 genera,majorly affiliated with Proteobacteria(80%)and Firmicutes(18.3%).Among the gut regions,37.9%of the total bacterial isolates were observed in the hindgut that demonstrated predominance of cellulolytic bacteria(47.6%).The majority of the xylanolytic and dye-decolorization bacteria(50%)were obtained from the foregut and midgut,*** represented by Dietza *** observed in the hindgut *** on species richness,the highest diversity was observed in midgut and hindgut regions each of which harbored seven unique bacterial *** members of Enterobacter,Klebsiella,and Pseudomonas were common among the gut *** lignocellulolytic activities of the selected potential bacteria signpost their assistance to the host for lignocellulose *** overall results indicate that *** harbors diverse communities of lignocellulolytic bacteria in different regions of the gut *** observations will significantly advance our understanding of the termite–bacteria symbiosis and their microbial ecology uniquely existed in different gut regions of ***,which may further shed a light on its potential values at termite-modeled biotechnology.

关键词： bacterial symbionts Coptotermes formosanus culture-dependent gut regions lignocellulose termite

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Characterization of a laccase from a wood-feeding termite, Coptotermes formosanus

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Insect Science 2018年第2期25卷 251-258页

作者： Alei Geng Jian Wu Rong-Rong Xie Xia Li Fu-Xiang Chang Jian-Zhong Sun Biofuels Institute School of the Environment and Safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu China

Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is a wood-feeding termite which secretes a series of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes for woody biomass degradation. How- ever, the lignin modification mechanism in the termite is largely elusive, and the char- acteristics of most lignolytic enzymes in termites remain unknown. In this study, a lac- case gene lacl from C. formosanus was heterogeneously expressed in insect Sf9 cells. The purified Lacl showed strong activities toward hydroquinone （305 mU/mg） and 2,6- dimethoxyphenol （2.9 mU/mg） with low Krn values, but not veratryl alcohol or 2,2＇-azino- bis （3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid）. Lac 1 could function well from pH 4.5 to 7.5, and its activity was significantly inhibited by H202 at above 4.85 mmol/L （P 〈 0.01）. In addition, the lacl gene was found to be mainly expressed in the salivary glands and foregut of C. formosanus, and seldom in the midgut or hindgut. These findings suggested that Lac 1 is a phenol-oxidizing laccase like RflacA and RflacB from termite Reticulitermesflavipes, except that Lacl was found to be more efficient in phenol oxidation, and it did not require H202 for its function. It is suspected that this kind of termite laccase might only be able to directly oxidize low redox-potential substrates, and the high redox-potential groups in lignin might be oxidized by other enzymes in the termite or by using the Fenton reaction.

关键词： biological pretreatment Coptotermes formosanus heterogeneous expres-sion laccase lignin modification termite

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Characteristics of termite mounds and associated Acrisols in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana and impact on hydraulic conductivity

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Natural Science 2012年第7期4卷 423-437页

作者： Gabriel N. N. Dowuona Pearl Atwere W. Dubbin Prosper M. Nude Baba E. Mutala Eric K. Nartey Richard J. Heck Department of Earth Science University of Ghana Legon Ghana Department of Soil Science School of Agriculture University of Ghana Legon Ghana Natural History Museum Mineralogy Department London SW7 5BD U.K School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada

Characteristics of termite mounds and associated Rhodic Acrisol and Haplic Acrisol in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana and their impact on hydraulic conductivity were assessed. The texture of the mounds was sandy clay in contrast to the sandy clay loam of the surface soils. Translocation of fine to medium sized soil materials influenced the relatively higher bulk density (>1.60 Mg/m3) and contents of organic carbon, nitrogen and exchangeable bases in the mounds. Kaolinite was the dominant clay mineral with pH values generally below 5.3 in all the soils reflecting the weathered tropical soil environment. Dispersion ratio values, which were 0.5 for the surface soils, indicated greater stability of the mound due to aggregate cementing action by the termites. Estimated mound density was about 120 mounds per ha, which tied in with known groundwater reserves at the study sites. Majority of the mounds exhibited a cone-shaped morphology with heights varying between 3.05-4.00 m in the Rhodic Acrisol and 2.05-4.20 m in the Haplic Acrisol with corresponding estimated total mass of 96,361 kg and 54,910 kg per 1000 m2 land area. These estimates represented a large amount of material relative to the 25,000-26,000 kg of surface soil material within the same unit area. The K in the surface soils ranged from 3.3 x 10-5 to 5.0 x 10-5 m/s while the value for the mound was ≤0.5 x 10-5 m/s. Lower porosity, θ;the effect was more pronounced when the mound was applied on the soil surface. Improvement in water retention and nutrient availability to plants and prevention of leaching to avoid groundwater contamination are some of the positive attributes of this study.

关键词： Aggregate Stability Clay Mineralogy Dispersion Ratio Hydraulic Conductivity Mound Morphology termite Mounds

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Geochemistry of termite Hills as a Tool for Geochemical Exploration of Glass Sand in the Iraqi Western Desert

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International Journal of Geosciences 2010年第3期1卷 130-138页

作者： Salih Muhammad Awadh Earth Science Department College of Science University of Baghdad

Sand glass deposits was located in the mid of the Western Desert of Iraq. It is situated within Rutba Formation (Ceno-manian). Ancient traditional mining method is still used in exploitation the unconsolidated white glass sand from glass sand quarry. The overburden thickness ranges from 2 to 4 m in average. termite hills were observed around the glass sand quarry extending far from the quarry area. termites could burrows down and penetrate the sand glass bringing it up to the surface. The depth of penetration reaches more than 35 m. The field observation of the white color of termite hills which are built up by sand glass gave a good indicator for the hidden subsurface deposit and it appears to be a surface signature for finding glass sand directly under the termite hills. The scattered white hills of glass sand on the surface with high content of SiO2, concordant Zr/Hf and Th/U ratios and heavy mineral distribution in both of quarry and termite hills provide a strong evidence of that those termite hills could be an effective tool for exploring subsurface hidden glass sand up to 35 m depth.

关键词： Geochemistry Glass Sand Geochemical Exploration termite Hill Iraqi Western Desert

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Research Progress of termite Control with Fipronil

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Plant Diseases and Pests 2015年第6期6卷 35-37页

作者： Zhang Kaiying Shaoxing Institute of termite Control

The indoor and field control effect of fipronil against termite was introduced, and the main influencing factors were analyzed, including traverse transfer of fipronil between termite individuals, temperature and proportion of termite exposed to fipronil, synergistic effect of other agents on fipronil, diffusion and degrada- tion of fipronil in soil. The effects of fipronil and metabolites on environment were elaborated.

关键词： Fipronil termite Traverse transfer Degradation Toxicity

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Investigation on Preventive Treatment of termite in Landscape Plants of Central Park

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Journal of Landscape Research 2010年第8期2卷 56-59页

作者：赵文方上海市松江区园林管理署上海松江201600

This paper had investigated the termite hazard of garden plants in Shanghai Songjiang Central Park with 71 plants of trees destroyed by termites and two control groups as tested varieties. These 71 plants of trees would be treated by using the treatment of toxicity soil combined with powder, the first control group would be treated by anti-termite powder, and the second group would be given no treatment. After 50 days'treatment, it was found that the treatment rate of toxicity soil combined with powder was 93%, with stable effect and no repeatability; the treatment rate of anti-termite powder was 33.3%, with unstable effect and repeatability, and it was needed to change and add medicament again and again so as to make sure that trees would no longer be damaged by termite; there still existed termite hazard in the second group without treatment. By contrasting different treatment methods, it could be known that treatment of toxicity soil combined with powder had obvious advantage, harmless to human body and environment, and could replace traditional medicaments and methods with strong toxicity.

关键词： Central park Gingko tree termite investigation Preventive measure

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