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Livestock Feed Marketing in Ethiopia： Challenges and Opportunities for Livestock Development

Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2014年第2期4卷 155-168页

作者： Mesfin Dejene Seyoum Bediye Dawit Alemu Getu Kitaw Aemiro Kehaliw Getnet Assefa Getaw Tadesse QAAFI Centre for Animal Science (CAS) the University of Queensland Gatton QLD 4343 Australia Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Holetta Research Center Addis Ababa Ethiopia Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Addis Ababa Ethiopia International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Addis Ababa Ethiopia

This paper presents the feed marketing systems of Ethiopia in terms of feed demand and supply, feed quality issues, feed prices and price trends based on qualitative data generated through rapid market appraisal methodology. The results indicate that, the demand for roughages, agro-industrial by-products （AIBP） and compound feeds is showing increasing trend. The use of feed from commercial sources is, however, very limited due to shortage of feed supply and inefficient marketing system. The AIBP mainly from flour and grind mills, oil processing plants and breweries are in short supply and directly marketed to user or through traders. Consequently, most of the exiting feed mixers/processing enterprises are operating under capacity estimated at about 20%-30%. The main marketed roughages, which are mainly cereal straws and baled hay, are also in short supply. Feed prices are increasing from time to time and mainly exacerbated by the increasing trend in export market of AIBP and double taxation.in mixed rations. There is no any feed quality control or assurance mechanism in Ethiopia. Precaution needs to be taken in the area of taxation.in order to avoid double taxation. Implications to improve the feed marketing systems and opportunities for livestock development are drawn.

关键词： Agro-industries by-products concentrate mixtures crop residues quality control taxation.

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The Contingent Valuation Method for Thessaloniki＇s Aesthetic Pollution in Greece

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2017年第6期6卷 339-343页

作者： Odysseas Kopsidas Department of Industrial Management and Technology University of Piraeus Piraeus 18534 Greece

The purpose of this study is to provide an evaluation of the possible criteria used by the people of Thessaloniki for the evaluation of public goods and the investigation of the benefits of the conservation and restoration of city structures affected by carbon monoxide. These benefits are expressed in monetary units by using the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method）. The maintenance of the urban environment often entails excessive costs paid by the people through taxation. A city free of aesthetic pollution results in an increase in tourism. A portion of taxation.paid by the citizens is allocated to cleaning the city. An increase in tourism provides the government with additional revenue through VAT （Value Added Taxes）. The main findings show that in a large proportion, 28% of the interviewees are willing to pay, but those that are willing to pay significant amounts tend to prefer mild interventions to the buildings, while those （42%） that agree with minimal to null amount demand radical intervention. The latter group, also, considers any contribution of theirs to restoration as unfair, judging that this expenditure should be covered exclusively by the State. Last but not least, from a sociopsychological point of view, this attitude could be attributed to extreme personalities which tend to prefer more holistic and direct solutions （i.e., no mixed strategy involving people and the State is acceptable by interviewees who considered themselves as having no further obligations after regular tax-paying）; as a result, they think that the State is exclusively responsible to resolve the situation.

关键词： Public goods WTP (Willingness To Pay) CVM (Contingent Valuation Method) taxation.

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