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Is effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on visuomotor coordination dependent on task difficulty?

Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第3期10卷 463-466页

作者： Yong Hyun Kwon Kyung Woo Kang Sung Min Son Na Kyung Lee Department of Physical Therapy Yeungnam University College Department of Physical Therapy College of Rehabilitation ScienceDaegu University Department of Physical Therapy College of Health Science Cheongju University

Transcranial direct current stimulation （tDCS）, an emerging technique for non-invasive brain stimulation, is increasingly used to induce changes in cortical excitability and modulate motor behavior, especially for upper limbs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tDCS of the primary motor cortex on visuomotor coordination based on three levels of task difficulty in healthy subjects. Thirty-eight healthy participants underwent real tDCS or sham tDCS. Using a single-blind, sham-controlled crossover design, tDCS was applied to the primary motor cortex. For real tDCS conditions, tDCS intensity was 1 mA while stimulation was applied for 15 minutes. For the sham tDCS, electrodes were placed in the same position, but the stimu- lator was turned off after 5 seconds. Visuomotor tracking task, consisting of three levels （levels 1, 2, 3） of difficulty with higher level indicating greater difficulty, was performed before and after tDCS application. At level 2, real tDCS of the primary motor cortex improved the accurate index compared to the sham tDCS. However, at levels 1 and 3, the accurate index was not significantly increased after real tDCS compared to the sham tDCS. These findings suggest that tasks of mod- erate difficulty may improve visuomotor coordination in healthy subjects when tDCS is applied compared with easier or more difficult tasks.

关键词： neural regeneration transcranial direct current stimulation visuomotor coordination task difficulty primary motor area motor learning neural regeneration

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The Effects of Frame,Gender and task difficulty on Individual Crisis Decision-making

The Effects of Frame,Gender and Task Difficulty on Individua...

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中国心理学会成立90周年纪念大会暨第十四届全国心理学学术会议

作者： Zheng Jianjun~1 Yang Jiping~2 Zhang Danhui~3 Liu Hongyun~4 1 Institute of Political Science,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100732 2 Department of Psychology,Shanxi University,Taiyuan,030006 3 Institute of Psychology Statistics and Measurement,Beijing Normal University,Beijing,100875 4 School of Psychology,Beijing Normal University,Beijing,100875

The purpose of the study was to reveal the impact of framing as well as some other relative factors on process of crisis *** the study,we recruited 180 undergraduate students and graduate students as participants.A 2(gender)×2(framing)×3 (difficulty) experimental design was *** variables are the time participants spent on crisis decision-making,the ratio of creating new viewpoints,the degree of confidence and the degree of the satisfaction during the crisis decision-making process. The results showed that there was the main-effect between framing and the time participants spent on crisis decision-making,ratio of creating new viewpoints participants produced as well as gender and the task ***,the degree of confidence and satisfaction on crisis decision-making was significantly affected by framing types,the task difficulties,and gender.

关键词： Frame Gender task difficulty Crisis decision-making

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An Empirical Study of Meaning Negotiation from the Perspective of task Characteristics——task difficulty and task Complexity

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2010年第4期33卷 45-63,126页

作者：乔丽娟浙江中医药大学外语学院

文章首先概括了意义协商的概念、分类、基本模式、重要作用及其与任务特性——任务难度、复杂度的关系。以此为基础,本研究着重探讨了任务特性——任务复杂度及任务难度对意义协商的质与量的影响。实验中的受试为吉林大学英语专业40名... 详细信息

文章首先概括了意义协商的概念、分类、基本模式、重要作用及其与任务特性——任务难度、复杂度的关系。以此为基础,本研究着重探讨了任务特性——任务复杂度及任务难度对意义协商的质与量的影响。实验中的受试为吉林大学英语专业40名本科生。本实验采用了三种研究方法:4项以小组讨论为主的任务、问卷调查和访谈。本研究的主要发现是:任务复杂度对意义协商的质的影响错综复杂、极不均衡;协调作用不容忽视——认知难度较大的任务,受试所运用语言的复杂度越高,但其准确度、流利度较低;反之亦然;任务的认知难度与意义协商的量相互作用;任务复杂度与任务难度呈正相关。

关键词： meaning negotiation task complexity task difficulty task types

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Collaborative information seeking: An investigation of community members' behavior

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Chinese Journal of Library and Information Science 2015年第1期8卷 21-36页

作者： Dan WU Xue XIANG School of Information Management Wuhan University

Purpose： This article reports on an experiment that tested community members＇ collaborative information seeking （CIS） behavior, with an emphasis on how community type and task difficulty can affect user behavior and user awareness in ***/methodology/approach： We carried out a laboratory study with 18 participants in 9 pairs using an experimental CIS system. Data were collected from questionnaires, Web logs and semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and two-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） were used for data analysis. Findings： Compared with non-community members, community participants had a better understanding of search tasks and were aware of the ways of completing tasks successfully. They did not depend on the information retrieval system when constructing search queries and would adopt diversified cooperation strategies. They were more likely to recommend information to their partners. However, no significant difference was found between subject- based community and interest-based community in CIS practices and user awareness in collaboration. In addition, task difficulty only influenced user preference of issuing queries and confidence of completing search tasks. Research limitations： Our work was limited by the community type we chose and the small group size, which could affect the generalizability of our findings and should be addressed in future studies. Practical implications： The study results will help inform information system designers as they design collaborative systems to facilitate social communication in the information seeking process. Originality/value： Few studies have investigated community participants＇ information seeking practices. This study provides insights into community-based CIS behavior. The findings will help us understand social interactions among community members during their information seeking process.

关键词： Collaborative information seeking (CIS) Information seeking behavior Community task difficulty Community type

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在任务型写作测试中任务难度和任务复杂度对学生写作能力的影响

在任务型写作测试中任务难度和任务复杂度对学生写作能力的影响

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作者：林新明浙江大学

学位级别：硕士

People have been paying more and more attention to the interfaces between second language acquisition (SLA) and language testing (LT), and they have found that the orientation of interfaces between SLA and LT on tasks has already been proven appropriate. Various researches on task-based language teaching and testing have been conducted over the past dozen years and many inspiring findings and various models about the task-based oral and written language have been *** on the model put forward by Robinson (2001), this paper intends to investigate the influence of task difficulty and task complexity on the students' performances on the writing tasks. Results show that task difficulty and task complexity have great influence on the students' writing, that is, with the increase of the difficulty/complexity levels, students' perfonnances on the tasks decrease accordingly, and the students' perception of task difficulty/complexity has close relationship with their performances on the writing tasks, but the students' specific performance variables in the tasks do not change accordingly with the difficulty/complexity levels. The present study shows that we can design the courses and carry out task-based teaching and testing and effectively develop the students' writing abilities by manipulating task difficulty and task complexity.

关键词： interfaces between SLA and LT tasks task difficulty task complexity students' performance variables students' perception task conditions

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内外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的影响

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心理学 2022年第3期

作者：唐晓雨佟佳庚于宏王爱君

本文采用内-外源性空间线索靶子范式，操控内源性线索有效性(有效线索、无效线索)、外源性线索有效性(有效线索、无效线索)、目标刺激类型(视觉刺激、听觉刺激、视听觉刺激)三个自变量。通过两个不同任务难度的实验(实验1：简单定位任... 详细信息

本文采用内-外源性空间线索靶子范式，操控内源性线索有效性(有效线索、无效线索)、外源性线索有效性(有效线索、无效线索)、目标刺激类型(视觉刺激、听觉刺激、视听觉刺激)三个自变量。通过两个不同任务难度的实验(实验1：简单定位任务；实验2：复杂辨别任务)来考察内外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的影响。两个实验结果均发现外源性空间注意显著减弱了多感觉整合效应，内源性空间注意没有显著增强多感觉整合效应；实验2中还发现了内源性空间注意会对外源性空间注意减弱多感觉整合效应产生影响。结果表明，与内源性空间注意不同，外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的影响不易受任务难度的调控；当任务较难时内源性空间注意会影响外源性空间注意减弱多感觉整合效应的过程。由此推测，内外源性空间注意对多感觉整合的调节并非彼此独立，而是相互影响的。

关键词：内源性空间注意外源性空间注意多感觉整合内-外源性空间线索靶子范式任务难度 endogenous spatial attention exogenous spatial attention multisensory integration endogenous-exogenous spatial cue target paradigm task difficulty

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情感负荷视角下协作检索中用户消极情绪感知及其影响因素研究

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图书馆学情报学 2020年第9期

作者：黄崑袁心李蕾叶谋达

[目的/意义]通过考察协作检索中用户的消极情绪感知及其相关影响因素，为干预和调节用户消极情绪、提升协作检索效果提供参考和借鉴。[研究设计/方法]基于情感负荷理论，借助Coagmento系统，招募52名用户，2人一组，协作完成3项旅游策... 详细信息

[目的/意义]通过考察协作检索中用户的消极情绪感知及其相关影响因素，为干预和调节用户消极情绪、提升协作检索效果提供参考和借鉴。[研究设计/方法]基于情感负荷理论，借助Coagmento系统，招募52名用户，2人一组，协作完成3项旅游策划任务，从任务难度、时间压力、协作分工、检索结果与协作成果等因素考察其与用户消极情绪感知的关系。[结论/发现]在任务难度感知方面，任务难度与用户的焦虑、沮丧、愤怒情绪呈现显著正相关；在时间压力方面，任务完成时间超出用户预期时，消极情绪会上升；在协作分工方面，承担更多检索任务的组员比承担更多文档编辑的组员感知更多的消极情绪；在检索结果与协作成果方面，用户满意度越高，消极情绪越低。[创新/价值]将情感负荷理论应用于协作检索情境，揭示了用户四种典型消极情绪的特点，并从检索情境的自动感知与预测、界面的人性化交互设计等方面对检索系统提出了改进建议，以更好地提供情感支持。

关键词：协作检索消极情绪情感负荷任务难度时间压力 Collaborative search Negative emotion Affective load task difficulty Time pressure

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