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What are the common anthracnose pathogens of tropical fruits?

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Fungal Diversity 2013年第4期61卷 165-179页

作者： Dhanushka Udayanga Dimuthu S.Manamgoda Xingzhong Liu Ekachai Chukeatirote Kevin D.Hyde State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo 31st West Beichen RoadChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101People’s Republic of China Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand

t Species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose of a wide range of host plants including cultivated and wild tropical fruits.The genetic and ecological diversity of species associated with wild fruits are poorly explored,as compared to those associated with pre and postharvest diseases of cultivated fruits.In the present study,isolates of Colletotrichum were obtained from commercially available cultivated fruits,wild fruits(from native trees in natural habitats)and a few herbaceous hosts collected in northern Thailand.These isolates were initially characterized based on analysis of complete sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS),into the genetically defined species complexes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,C.acutatum,C.boninense and C.truncatum.The isolates were primarily identified in the C.gloeosporioides species complex,based on a strongly supported clade within the ITS gene tree and were further characterized using multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and morphology.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS,partial sequences of actin(ACT),calmodulin(CAL),glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),glutamine synthetase(GS)andβtubulin(TUB2)genetic markers were performed individually and in combination.Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto was identified from lime(Citrus aurantifolia)and rose apple(Syzygium samarangense).Colletotrichum fructicola was isolated from dragon fruit(Hylocerous undatus)and jujube(Ziziphus sp.).Colletotrichum endophytica was found only from an unknown wild fruit.We observed a considerable genetic and host diversity of species occurring on tropical fruits within the clade previously known as Colletotrichum siamense sensu lato.The clade consists of isolates identified as pre and postharvest pathogens on a wide range of fruits,including coffee(Coffea arabica),custard apple(Annona reticulata),Cerbera sp.,figs(Ficus racemosa)mango(Mangifera indica),neem(Azadirachta indica)and papaya(Carica papaya)and was the dominant group of species among most wild fruits st

关键词： Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Multi-gene phylogeny Postharvest diseases Quarantine systematics Species complex Tropical Asia Wild fruits

Epitypification and neotypification:guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第6期69卷 57-91页

作者： Hiran A.Ariyawansa David L.Hawksworth Kevin D.Hyde E.B.Gareth Jones Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Dimuthu S.Manamgoda Kasun M.Thambugala Dhanushka Udayanga Erio Camporesi Anupama Daranagama Ruvishika Jayawardena Jian-Kui Liu Eric H.C.McKenzie Rungtiwa Phookamsak Indunil C.Senanayake Roger G.Shivas Qing Tian Jian-Chu Xu Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanChina Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research School of ScienceMae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense de MadridPlaza Ramón y CajalMadrid 28040Spain Department of Life Sciences The Natural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondon SW75BDUK Mycology Section Royal Botanic GardensKewRichmond Surrey TW93DSUK Department of Botany and Microbiology King Saudi UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia A.M.B.Gruppo Micologico Forlivese“Antonio Cicognani” Via Roma18ForlìItaly Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170 AucklandNew Zealand Plant Pathology Herbarium Agri-Science Queensland40 Boggo RoadDutton ParkQld 4102Australia

review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named.Most classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification systems.Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees.In some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of fungi.This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented.Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed.As examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,A.bakeriana,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and O.erythrosporus.In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable.Although we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus concerned.This responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.

关键词： Epitype Generic types Molecular data Nomenclature systematics Taxonomy Typification

The Systematic Status of Rhacophorid Frogs

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Asian Herpetological Research 2011年第1期2卷 1-11页

作者： Jiatang LI Yueying CHEN Shengquan LI Ke LV Yuezhao WANG Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The frog family Rhacophoridae recently underwent notable reorganization and taxonomic rearrangement. Several new genera were erected to reflect evolutionary history, including Ghatixalus, Gracixalus, Feihyla, Liuixalus and Raorchestes. Herein, we reviewed the systematics and phylogeny of the rhacophorids, the definition of the family Rhacophoridae and its tribes, and the taxonomic history and diagnoses of the genera of this family. Also, we suggest future directions for research.

关键词： progress prospect faunal survey systematics amphibian China

Earliest Asian discoglossid frog from western Liaoning

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第7期44卷 636-642页

作者： WANG Yuan and GAO Keqin Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100044, China Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Vatebrate Paleontology American Museum of Natural History USA

Based on a superbly preserved skeleton, a new anuran taxon has been named and described from the Yixian Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous), Liaoning Province,northeastern China. This discovery documents the first discoglossid fossil from China, the earliest record of the group in Asia, and the only second Mesozoic discoglossid known from fully articulated material in the world. The family Discoglossidae is widely perceived as a primitive anuran group, but has no definite fossils found in collaboration with their recent distribution in Asia.The new discovery from Liaoning extends the temporal range of the group in Asia back at least 120 million years, and provides valuable fossil material for study of anatomical details of early discoglossids, as well as of historical distribution of this primitive anuran group.

关键词： Discoglossidae Anura Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous western Liaoning systematics and biogeography.

The complex of Diplodia species associated with Fraxinus and some other woody hosts in Italy and Portugal

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第4期67卷 143-156页

作者： A.Alves B.T.Linaldeddu A.Deidda B.Scanu A.J.L.Phillips Departamento de Biologia CESAMUniversidade de Aveiro3810-193 AveiroPortugal Dipartimento di Agraria Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed EntomologiaUniversitàdegli Studi di Sassarivia E.De Nicola 107100 SassariItaly Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos Departamento de Ciencias da VidaFaculdade de Ciencias e TecnologiaUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2829-516 CaparicaPortugal

Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplodia have been hampered by the lack of an ex-type culture linked to the holotype of D.mutila,which is the type of the genus.In this study a large collection of Diplodia strains,obtained from ash and other woody hosts showing V-shaped cankers and branch dieback,were identified based on morphological characters and DNA sequence data from ITS and EF1-α loci.Results of combined morphological and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Fraxinus isolates from Italy,the Netherlands,Portugal and Spain belong to three distinct species namely Diplodia fraxini,Diplodia mutila and Diplodia subglobosa sp.nov.An epitype was designated for Diplodia mutila,with associated ex-epitype cultures.The name D.fraxini is re-instated and a neotype designated.Two species,Diplodia seriata and Diplodia pseudoseriata were reported for the first time on Fraxinus spp.

关键词： Botryosphaeriaceae Epitype Neotype Phylogeny systematics Taxonomy

Phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic resolution of the genus Annulohypoxylon(Xylariaceae)including four new species

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第4期85卷 1-43页

作者： Eric Kuhnert Esteban B.Sir Christopher Lambert Kevin D.Hyde Adriana I.Hladki Andrea I.Romero Manfred Rohde Marc Stadler Department of Microbial Drugs Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Infektionsforschung GmbHInhoffenstrasse 738124 BrunswickGermany German Centre for Infection Research(DZIF) partner site Hannover-Braunschweig38124 BrunswickGermany Fundacion Miguel Lillo CONICETInstitute of MycologyMiguel Lillo 251San Miguel de Tucuman 4000TucumanArgentina Fundacion Miguel Lillo Institute of MycologyMiguel Lillo 251San Miguel de Tucuman 4000TucumanArgentina Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Instituto de Micologia y Botanica(INMIBO) UBACONICETDepto.Biodiversidad y Biologia ExperimentalFCENAv.Int.Guiraldes 2620C1428EHA Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos AiresArgentina Central Facility for Microscopy Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Infektionsforschung GmbHInhoffenstrasse 738124 BrunswickGermany

This study deals with an extensive evaluation focusing on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic infrageneric relationships of the genus Annulohypoxylon(Xylariaceae,Ascomycota),whose species are ubiquitously associated with seed plants as endophytes and saprotrophs in all forested areas of the world.Using evidence from phylogenetic,chemotaxonomic and morphological data,various varieties within the genus are raised to species level,leading to the new combinations for A.areolatum(:A.bovei var.microsporum),A.macrosporum(:A.leptascum var.macrosporum),and A.microdiscum(:A.moriforme var.microdiscum).Annulohypoxylon substygium nom.***.is applied for A.stygium var.annulatumand the four new tropical and subtropical species A.massivum,A.violaceopigmentum,A.viridistratum and A.yungensis are introduced.Furthermore,A.leucadendri is excluded from the genus as its morphological characters disagree with the generic concept,the recently erected A.palmicola is synonymized with A.leptascum and A.austrobahiense has been reassigned to the genus Hypoxylon.In addition,the key taxa A.annulatum and A.truncatum have been reinvestigated and epitypes have been defined.For the first time,a dichotomous key to the genus is provided.A phylogenetic b-tubulin tree in conjunction with stromatal HPLC profiles clearly shows that Annulohypoxylon comprises two distinct lineages.The A.cohaerens/multiforme group might eventually warrant segregation into a new genus as further molecular data become available.

关键词： β-Tubulin Biodiversity Chemotaxonomy Phylogeny systematics Xylariales

Integrative approaches for species delimitation in Ascomycota

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 155-179页

作者： Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Yanpeng Chen Hiran A.Ariyawansa Kevin D.Hyde Danny Haelewaters Rekhani H.Perera Milan C.Samarakoon Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Danilo E.Bustamante Jian-Kui Liu Daniel P.Lawrence Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon Marc Stadler School of Life Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731People’s Republic of China Entomology and Plant Pathology Department Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology College of Bio-Resources and AgricultureNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei City 10617Taiwan Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Research Group Mycology Department of BiologyGhent University9000 GhentBelgium Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia37005 Ceske BudejoviceCzech Republic Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyHonghe County 654400YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva(INDES-CES) Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de MendozaChachapoyasAmazonasPeru Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(FICIAM) Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de MendozaChachapoyasAmazonasPeru Department of Plant Pathology University of CaliforniaDavisDavisCAUSA Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH Department Microbial Drugs and German Centre for Infection Research(DZIF)Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig38124 BraunschweigGermany Institute of Microbiology Technische Universität BraunschweigInhoffenstraße 738124 BraunschweigGermany

Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate.The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated extreme crisis to the taxonomist.Therefore,more than in any other era,effective ways to discover and delimitate species are needed.This paper reviews the historically fore-most approaches used to delimit species in Ascomycota,the most speciose phylum of Fungi.These include morphological,biological,and phylogenetic species concepts.We argue that a single property to delineate species boundaries has various defects and each species concept comes with its own advantages and disadvantages.Recently the rate of species discovery has increased because of the advancement of phylogenetic approaches.However,traditional phylogenetic methods with few gene regions lack species-level resolution,and do not allow unambiguous conclusions.We detail the processes that affect gene tree heterogeneity,which acts as barriers to delimiting species boundaries in classical low-rank phylogenies.So far,limited insights were given to the DNA-based methodologies to establish well-supported boundaries among fungal species.In addition to reviewing concepts and methodologies used to delimit species,we present a case study.We applied differ-ent species delimitation methods to understand species boundaries in the plant pathogenic and cryptic genus Phyllosticta(Dothideomycetes,Botryosphaeriales).Several DNA-based methods over-split the taxa while in some methods several taxa fall into a single species.These problems can be resolved by using multiple loci and coalescence-based methods.Further,we discuss integrative approaches that are crucial for understanding species boundaries within Ascomycota and provide several examples for ideal and pragmatic approaches of species delimitation.

关键词： Ascomycetes Phylogenetics Species concept systematics

Chitinozoans from the Fenxiang Formation (Early Ordovician) of Yichang,Hubei Province,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2008年第2期82卷 287-294页

作者： CHEN Xiaohong Florentin PARIS ZHANG Miao Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Hubei 443003 China Geosciences-Rennes UMR6-118 du CNRS Universite de Rennes I 35042 Rennes Cedex France

Chitinozoans collected from upper Tremadocian to lower Floian strata of Chenjiahe section, Yichang, western Hubei, China comprise six species belonging respectively to the genera Euconochitina including a new species, Euconochitina fenxiangensis, Lagenochitina and Bursachitina, together with Desmochitina sp. and Eremochitina sp. The chitinozoan succession across the interval is correlated with relevant conodont and chitinozoan biozones and two new regional chitinozoan biozones, the Lagenochitina destombesi Biozone and the Euconochitina symmetrica Biozone are proposed based on their stratigraphic ranges in the Fenxiang to Honghuayuan formations in the Chenjiahe section.

关键词： Early Ordovician Chitinozoa systematics biozonation western Hubei China

Phylogenetic relationships of five genera of Xylariales and Rosasphaeria gen.nov.(Hypocreales)

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Fungal Diversity 2012年第1期52卷 75-98页

作者： Walter M.Jaklitsch Hermann Voglmayr Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Faculty Centre of BiodiversityUniversity of ViennaRennweg 141030 WienAustria

Eight inconspicuous non-stromatic perithecial fungi immersed in plant tissue are assessed with respect to their morphology,ecology and phylogenetic position.Emphasis is laid on two genera now and then placed in the family Hyponectriaceae,Xylariales:Leiosphaerella with its type species L.praeclara occurring on Vaccinium,and Pseudomassaria with its type species P.chondrospora occurring on Tilia.In molecular phylogenetic analyses of LSU and ITS sequences,the generic types of these genera are closely related,but their familial affiliation within Xylariales remains unresolved.Pseudomassaria sepincoliformis clusters with P.chondrospora,whereas P.fallax is not congeneric with Pseudomassaria and P.lycopodina is combined in Leiosphaerella despite its apiospores.Three species thought to belong to Leiosphaerella are re-assessed:L.moravica that occurs on Rosa,is disposed in the new genus Rosasphaeria,which is close to Eucasphaeria in the Niessliaceae(Hypocreales),according to multi-gene phylogenetic analyses(ITS,LSU,rpb2 and tef1).For L.vexata the genus Pseudomassariella is revived.A Leiosphaerellalike fungus on Lycopodium is described as the new species Monographella lycopodina.In addition the phylogenetic relationships of two fungi forming superficial stromata are here clarified:Collodiscula japonica belongs to the Xylariaceae,while Melogramma campylosporum may currently be interpreted as representing a family of its own,the Melogrammataceae.

关键词： Collodiscula Eucasphaeria.Leiosphaerella Massarina Melogramma Metasphaeria New genus Phylogenetic reconstruction Pseudomassaria Pseudomassariella systematics