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China's Refractories 2024年第2期33卷 10-15页

作者： In-Ho JUNG Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826South Korea Research Institute of Advanced Materials Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826South Korea

The CALPHAD thermodynamic databases are very useful to analyze the complex chemical reactions happening in high temperature material process.The FactSage thermodynamic database can be used to calculate complex phase diagrams and equilibrium phases involving refractories in industrial process.In this study,the FactSage thermodynamic database relevant to ZrO_(2)-based refractories was reviewed and the application of the database to understanding the corrosion of continuous casting nozzle refractories in steelmaking was presented.

关键词： thermodynamic database ZrO_(2) containing submerged entry nozzle continous casting

Analysis on clogging of submerged entry nozzle in continuous casting of high strength steel with rare earth

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2022年第1期29卷 34-43页

作者： Wei Liang Jing Li Bin Lu Jian-guo Zhi Shuai Zhang Yang Liu State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Union Co. Ltd.Baotou 014010Inner MongoliaChina

The type of inclusions in tundish steel and the formation mechanism of the submerged entry nozzle(SEN)clogging in the continuous casting of the rare earth(RE)high strength steel without calcium treatment were studied based on the plant trials and thermodynamic calculation.It was found that Ce_(2)O_(3) and CeAlO_(3) in tundish molten steel were transformed into Ce_(2)O_(2)S+CaO-Al_(2)O_(3) with the size of 2-3 lm during cooling.When the flow velocity of molten steel on surface of the SEN was slow due to the boundary layer effect,Ce_(2)O_(3) inclusion in molten steel reacted with Al_(2)O_(3) in the SEN refractory to form CeAlO3.With the continuous erosion of molten steel and reaction,the compositions of CeAlO_(3),Al_(2)O_(3) and CaO were aggregated,and the clogging layers with different zones were formed on surface of the SEN.Meanwhile,a small amount of molten steel remaining in the arc zone and corner zone of the SEN formed solidified steel.When calcium treatment is canceled,the reaction probability between inclusions in molten steel and refractory should be reduced by improving the material and shape of the SEN.

关键词： Rare earth inclusion Tundish submerged entry nozzle Clogging Thermodynamic calculation

Optimization of submerged entry nozzle parameters for ultra-high casting speed continuous casting mold of billet

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2022年第1期29卷 44-52页

作者： Pei Xu Yong-zhi Zhou Deng-fu Chen Mu-jun Long Hua-mei Duan Laboratory of Metallurgy and Materials College of Materials Science and EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and New Materials Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China

Controlling the flow behavior in the mold in an appropriate way is the basis for realizing the billet ultra-high speed continuous casting.Based on the new proposed physical water modeling experiment considering the effects of solidified shell and hydrostatic pressure,the flow behavior in the mold with cross section of 160 mm 9160 mm during continuous casting of billet is regulated by optimizing the inner diameters and immersion depths of submerged entry nozzle at the ultra-high casting speeds of 5.0–6.5 m/min.The results show that under the premise of no slag entrainment,as well as uniform coverage and keeping good fluidity of liquid slag layer on the top free surface of the fluid in the mold,the appropriate parameters of submerged entry nozzle under the ultra-high casting speed of billet are 50 mm in inner diameter,95 mm in outer diameter and 180 mm in immersion depth.And on the basis of the obtained parameters of submerged entry nozzle,it can be known that the reasonable ranges of level fluctuation and impacting depth of the stream in the mold are about 0.82-1.11 and 593-617 mm,respectively.

关键词： Ultra-high casting speed Billet continuous casting submerged entry nozzle Physical water modeling Flow behavior

Design of a submerged entry nozzle for optimizing continuous casting of stainless steel slab

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2023年第11期30卷 2229-2241页

作者： Jia-chen Pang Guo-yu Qian Sheng Pang Wen-hui Ma Guo-guang Cheng School of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093YunnanChina CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China

To solve slag entrapment and casting slab defects in the process of stainless steel continuous casting,submerged entry nozzle(SEN)for slab casters operating at casting speed of 1 m/min was developed based on 3D numerical simulation and water modeling experiments by controlling the outlet shape and angle of original SEN with oval and 15°angle outlet under current industrial use.Mathematical simulations of fluid velocity at outlets with different shapes and angles of SENs have been carried out.The results showed that oval outlet with 5°and 15°angle led to asymmetric rotating flow pattern at outlet,as well as square outlet with 15°angle,but symmetric flow pattern formed at square outlet with 5°angle.The effect of these SENs on meniscus stability,flow field and slag entrapment behavior of stainless steel slab casting mold was further studied by water modeling experiments.The results showed that difficult floating fine droplets formed when the angle of outlet was 15°under the dual effect of vortex convection and shear force due to the strong swirling flow from outlet and rotating flow of outlet.However,outlet with 5°angle could lead to the formation of larger slag droplets,while the oval outlet with 5°angle could result in the scour to the mold wall.Thus,the square outlet with 5°angle was a relatively ideal solution for the submerged entry nozzle from the aspects of the stability of the mold and the slag entrapment behavior.After the design of a new SEN according to the experimental result,the solidification structure of continuous casting slab was obviously improved by industrial test.

关键词： Stainless steel Continuous casting submerged entry nozzle Water modeling Slag entrapment

Physical and computational study of a novel submerged entry nozzle design for twin-roll casting process

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2021年第11期28卷 1390-1399页

作者： Mian-guang Xu Miao-yong Zhu School of Mechanical Engineering Shandong University of TechnologyZibo 255000ShandongChina School of Metallurgy Northeastern UniversityShenyang 100819LiaoningChina

With significant emphasis on reducing the turbulence in the bath and the need for effective distribution of metal along the roller length in twin-roll casting,a novel submerged entry nozzle(SEN)configuration with two“gap regions”was provided.The“gap regions”of the new SEN divide the bath into two parts,the“upper melt bath”(casting region)and the“lower melt bath”(rolling region).The newly designed SEN was tested by using both full-scale water modeling experiments and numerical simulations.Results demonstrated that the turbulence could only be found near the rotating roller surfaces.The“gap regions”can make the near-wall flows more uniform.They can also prevent the instabilities in the“upper melt bath”to be transferred to the“lower melt bath”,thus improving the stability of the process.Moreover,the novel SEN can stabilize the meniscus where the initial solidification occurs.This is achieved by increasing the SEN immersion depth,which in turn,can enlarge the volume of the upper part of the bath.

关键词： Twin-roll casting submerged entry nozzle Water model Numerical simulation

Influence of submerged entry nozzle clogging on the behavior of molten steel in continuously cast slab molds

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Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2005年第4期12卷 303-307页

作者： Huixiang Yu Guosen Zhu Xinhua Wang Jiongming Zhang Wanjun Wang Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering School University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China

The influence of submerged entry nozzle clogging on the behavior of molten steel in continuously cast slab molds was studied using commercial code CFX4.3. The results indicate that clogging at the top part of the nozzle port not only increases the velocity of molten steel, but also enhances the wall shear stress, F number and heat flux. This clogging has the greatest effect on the behavior of molten steel. However, clogging at the top 1/3 of the nozzle only increases the velocity of molten steel and has little influence. Clogging at the bottom of the nozzle almost has no influence.

关键词： clogging submerged entry nozzle mold continuously cast slab numerical simulation

An Innovative submerged entry nozzle Design for Billet and Bloom Casting

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China's Refractories 2021年第2期30卷 45-50页

作者： Gernot HACKL Yong TANG Gerald NITZL Dennis SCHURMANN Bernd WILLERS Sven ECKERT RHI Magnesita Leoben 8700Austria RHI Magnesita Wien 1120Austria Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossdorf e.V. Dresden 01328Germany

Fluid flow in the mold has a significant impact on the quality of continuously cast steel products.Since it is strongly influenced by the SEN design,attention has to be paid on its geometry.In this paper the main principles of a novel SEN type will be described.Water modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)are applied to characterize the flow pattern under different conditions.Furthermore,the interaction with electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS)is analyzed by means of a liquid melt model.Finally,actual steel plant performance data and observations are discussed.

关键词： computational fluid dynamics liquid metal modeling mold electromagnetic stirring submerged entry nozzle isostatically pressed products

Velocity Monitoring of Molten Steel in a Continuous Casting Mold Using Three submerged entry nozzle Designs

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Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Material Science 2016年第4期6卷 59-68页

作者： Raul Miranda Miguel A. Barron Carlos A. Hernandez Departamento de Electronica Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco Ciudad de Mexico Mexico Departamento de Materiales Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco Ciudad de Mexico Mexico

The horizontal and vertical velocity components of molten steel in a slab continuous casting mold produced by three different two-port submerged entry nozzle (SEN) designs are monitored and compared using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. These two ports designs correspond to a conventional cylindrical SEN, a plate SEN and an anchor-shaped SEN. Four monitoring points at the molten steel in the centered vertical plane were selected to track the horizontal and the vertical component of the velocity vector. Two of them are located near the free surface and the remaining two are located in the vicinity of the SEN discharge nozzles. Some statistical values of the time series of above the velocity components are analyzed and correlated with the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the Karman vortex streets, which cause mold powder entrapment in the molten steel.

关键词： Computational Fluid Dynamics Continuous Casting Molten Steel Mold Powder Entrapment submerged entry nozzle Velocity Monitoring

Anchor-Shaped Design of a submerged entry nozzle for the Continuous Casting of Steel

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2016年第9期6卷 593-600页

作者： Carlos A. Hernandez Miguel A. Barron Raul Miranda Departamento de Materiales Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco Mexico City Mexico Departamento de Electronica Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco Mexico City Mexico

An anchor-shaped geometrical design for a submerged entry nozzle for the slab continuous casting of steel is presented in this work. To evaluate its performance, transient 3D multiphase numerical simulations were carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics technique. The performance of the proposed nozzle is numerically compared with that of a conventional cylindrical nozzle. Computer results show that the chance of formation of Karman’s vortexes and powder entrapment becomes small for the anchor-shaped SEN.

关键词： Anchor-Shaped SEN Computational Fluid Dynamics Continuous Casting Numerical Simulations Slab Casting submerged entry nozzle

Effect of nozzle type on fluid flow, solidification, and solute transport in mold with mold electromagnetic stirring

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2022年第2期29卷 237-246页

作者： Ya-dong Wang Li-feng Zhang Wen Yang Ying Ren School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing(USTB)Beijing100083China State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology School of Mechanical EngineeringYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004HebeiChina

The mathematical model of coupling fluid flow,heat transfer,solidification,solute transport,and the electromagnetic field of the bloom in the upper part of the strand was established with three nozzle types.Then,the flow field,distribution of the temperature,solidification,and macrosegregation of carbon were investigated and compared by numerical modeling.In the case of the straight submerged entry nozzle(SEN),the molten steel flows down deep into the liquid pool,and the depth of the jet flow reaches about 1.0 m beneath the meniscus.The jetting zone is the high-temperature zone.In the case of two-port SEN and four-port SEN,the flow patterns and distribution of temperature in the central longitudinal section are similar.The jet flow impinges directly on the initially solidified shell and then it is divided into two longitudinal circulations.The heat of molten steel is dissipated along with the longitudinal circulations.The negative segregation band was generated near the bloom surface due to the washing effect by the rotating flow at the solidification front with three nozzle types.The negative segregation deteriorates gradually with the number of ports decreasing.

关键词： submerged entry nozzle Fluid flow Solidification Solute transport Mold electromagnetic stirring