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Multi-population particle swarm optimization algorithm for automatic design of steel frames

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2024年第1期18卷 89-103页

作者： Wenchen SHAN Jiepeng LIU Yao DING Y.Frank CHEN Junwen ZHOU Institute of Smart City and Intelligent Transportation Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 610000China School of Civil Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400045China Department of Civil Engineering the Pennsylvania State UniversityMiddletownPA 17057USA

steel structures are widely used;however,their traditional design method is a trial-and-error procedure which is neither efficient nor cost effective.Therefore,a multi-population particle swarm optimization(MPPSO)algorithm is developed to optimize the weight of steel frames according to standard design codes.Modifications are made to improve the algorithm performances including the constraint-based strategy,piecewise mean learning strategy and multi-population cooperative strategy.The proposed method is tested against the representative frame taken from American standards and against other steel frames matching Chinese design codes.The related parameter influences on optimization results are discussed.For the representative frame,MPPSO can achieve greater efficiency through reduction of the number of analyses by more than 65% and can obtain frame with the weight for at least 2.4%lighter.A similar trend can also be observed in cases subjected to Chinese design codes.In addition,a migration interval of 1 and the number of populations as 5 are recommended to obtain better MPPSO results.The purpose of the study is to propose a method with high efficiency and robustness that is not confined to structural scales and design codes.It aims to provide a reference for automatic structural optimization design problems even with dimensional complexity.The proposed method can be easily generalized to the optimization problem of other structural systems.

关键词： steel frame multi-population particle swarm optimization automatic structural optimization design

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Probabilistic collapse analysis of steel frame structures exposed to fire scenarios

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2021年第3期22卷 195-206页

作者： Wen REN Jin-cheng ZHAO Department of Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

In this paper,we propose a probabilistic method for analysing the collapse time of steel frame structures in a fire.The method considers the uncertainty of influencing factors.Tornado diagrams are used for sensitivity analysis of random variables.Structural analysis samples are selected by Monte Carlo method,and the collapse times of different structural samples are calculated by fire time history analysis.A collapse time fragility curve is fitted according to the calculated collapse times of the samples.A reliability index of the collapse time is used as a quantitative standard to evaluate the collapse performance of a steel frame in a fire.Finally,this method is applied to analyse the collapse time fragility of an eight-storey 3 D steel frame structure under different compartment fire scenarios and fire protection levels.According to the collapse time fragility curve,the effects of the different fire scenarios and protection levels on the collapse resistance of the structure under fire are evaluated.

关键词： steel frame Probabilistic collapse analysis Compartment fire Monte Carlo method Fragility curve

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An effective simplified model of composite compression struts for partially-restrained steel frame with reinforced concrete infill walls

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2018年第2期17卷 403-415页

作者： Sun Guohua Chuang-Sheng Walter Yang Gu Qiang Reginald DesRoches School of Civil Engineering Suzhou University of Science & Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology

To resolve the issue regarding inaccurate prediction of the hysteretic behavior by micro-based numerical analysis for partially-restrained（PR）steel frames with solid reinforced concrete（RC）infill walls,an innovative simplified model of composite compression struts is proposed on the basis of experimental observation on the cracking distribution,load transferring mechanism,and failure modes of RC infill walls filled in PR steel frame.The proposed composite compression struts model for the solid RC infill walls is composed ofαinclined struts and main diagonal struts.Theαinclined struts are used to reflect the part of the lateral force resisted by shear connectors along the frame-wall interface,while the main diagonal struts are introduced to take into account the rest of the lateral force transferred along the diagonal direction due to the complicated interaction between the steel frame and RC infill walls.This study derives appropriate formulas for the effective widths of theαinclined strut and main diagonal strut,respectively.An example of PR steel frame with RC infill walls simulating simulated by the composite inclined compression struts model is illustrated.The maximum lateral strength and the hysteresis curve shape obtained from the proposed composite strut model are in good agreement with those from the test results,and the backbone curve of a PR steel frame with RC infill walls can be predicted precisely when the inter-story drift is within 1%.This simplified model can also predict the structural stiffness and the equivalent viscous damping ratio well when the inter-story drift ratio exceeds 0.5%.

关键词： PR connection steel frame infill walls shear connector hysteretic behavior strut

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The mechanics and deformation of high temperature steel frame rapidly cooled by spray water in fire fighting

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Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 2016年第4期6卷 176-181页

作者： Yunchun Xia School of Civil Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University

A finite element is established for analyzing the dynamical mechanics and deformation of steel frame at high temperature when it is rapidly cooled down by spray water in fire fighting, The simulation result shows that remarkable mechanical coupling effects are produced in the process, and the sectional stress in rapid cooling down is found considerably larger than that in heating-up. Meanwhile, the stress and deformation of a beam mainly related to cooling rate and location are much larger than those of a column in rapid cooling, In fire fighting, the structure on the first or second floor was more dangerous than those on other floors in rapid cooling, These results could provide a theoretical reference for the design of steel structure and fire fighting.

关键词： steel frame High temperature Rapid cooling Spray water

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Thermal response of steel framing members in open car park fires

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2022年第9期16卷 1071-1088页

作者： Xia YAN Marion CHARLIER Thomas GERNAY Department of Civil and Systems Engineering Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD 21218USA ArcelorMittal Steligence Esch-sur-Alzette 4221Luxembourg

For open car park structures,adopting a performance-based structural fire design is often justified and allowed because the fire does not reach flashover.However,this design approach requires an accurate assessment of temperatures in structural members exposed to car fires.This paper describes a numerical study on the thermal exposure on steel framing members in open car park fires.steel temperatures are computed by the coupling of computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling,and by analytical models from the Eurocodes.In addition,the influence of galvanization on the steel temperature evolution is assessed.Results show that temperatures in unprotected beams and columns are influenced by the section geometry,car fire scenario,modeling approach,and use of galvanization.Galvanization slightly delays and reduces peak temperature.Regarding the different models,CFD-FEM(CFD:computational fluid dynamics,FEM:finite-element method)coupled models predict lower temperatures than the Hasemi model,because the latter conservatively assumes that the fire flame continuously touches the ceiling.Further,the Hasemi model cannot account for the effect of reduced emissivity from galvanization on the absorbed heat flux.Detailed temperature distributions obtained in the steel members can be used to complete efficient structural fire designs based on the member sections,structure layout,and use of galvanization.

关键词： open car park localized fire steel frame numerical modeling computational fluid dynamics

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Digital image correlation-based structural state detection through deep learning

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2022年第1期16卷 45-56页

作者： Shuai TENG Gongfa CHEN Shaodi WANG Jiqiao ZHANG Xiaoli SUN School of Civil and Transportation Engineering Guangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China Earthquake Engineering Research&Test Center Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510405China Guangzhou Municipal Engineering Testing Co. Ltd.Guangzhou 510520China

This paper presents a new approach for automatical classification of structural state through deep learning.In this work,a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)was designed to fuse both the feature extraction and classification blocks into an intelligent and compact learning system and detect the structural state of a steel frame;the input was a series of vibration signals,and the output was a structural state.The digital image correlation(DIC)technology was utilized to collect vibration information of an actual steel frame,and subsequently,the raw signals,without further pre-processing,were directly utilized as the CNN samples.The results show that CNN can achieve 99%classification accuracy for the research model.Besides,compared with the backpropagation neural network(BPNN),the CNN had an accuracy similar to that of the BPNN,but it only consumes 19%of the training time.The outputs of the convolution and pooling layers were visually displayed and discussed as well.It is demonstrated that:1)the CNN can extract the structural state information from the vibration signals and classify them;2)the detection and computational performance of the CNN for the incomplete data are better than that of the BPNN;3)the CNN has better anti-noise ability.

关键词： structural state detection deep learning digital image correlation vibration signal steel frame

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Study on mechanical characteristics and safety evaluation method of steel frame structure after fire

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Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 2014年第3期4卷 74-79页

作者： Qiang Sun Congcong Guan Dingtang Wang College of Civil Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University China Construction 4th Engineering Bureau 6th Corp Limited

Mechanical characterization of steel frame structure after fire are ana- lyzed based on fire dynamics, heat transfer theory, structural mechanics, and finite element theory. We study the temperature characteristics and mechanical prop- erties of steel flame structure under different fire locations and propose a safety evaluation method. We also analyze damage level of main flame components, maximum temperature of fire, thermal characteristics of flame components, fir- ing duration, etc. to provide useful information for fire resistance design of the steel frame structure and post-disaster safety evaluation.

关键词： fire steel frame mechanical characteristics safety level safety evaluation

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Evaluation of a novel Asymmetric Genetic Algorithm to optimize the structural design of 3D regular and irregular steel frames

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2020年第5期14卷 1110-1130页

作者： Mohammad Sadegh ES-HAGHI Aydin SHISHEGARAN Timon RABCZUK School of Civil Engineering Khajeh Nasir Toosi University of TechnologyTehran 19697-64499Iran School of Civil Engineering Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 13114-16846Iran Division of Computational Mechanics Ton Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam Faculty of Civil Engineering Ton Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam

We propose a new algorithm,named Asymmetric Genetic Algorithm(AGA),for solving optimization problems of steel frames.The AGA consists of a developed penalty function,which helps to find the best generation of the population.The objective function is to minimize the weight of the whole steel structure under the constraint of ultimate loads defined for structural steel buildings by the American Institute of steel Construction(AISC).Design variables are the cross-sectional areas of elements(beams and columns)that are selected from the sets of side-flange shape steel sections provided by the AISC.The finite element method(FEM)is utilized for analyzing the behavior of steel frames.A 15-storey three-bay steel planar frame is optimized by AGA in this study,which was previously optimized by algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO),Particle Swarm Optimizer with Passive Congregation(PSOPC),Particle Swarm Ant Colony Optimization(HPSACO),Imperialist Competitive Algorithm(ICA),and Charged System Search(CSS).The results of AGA such as total weight of the structure and number of analyses are compared with the results of these algorithms.AGA performs better in comparison to these algorithms with respect to total weight and number of analyses.In addition,five numerical examples are optimized by AGA,Genetic Algorithm(GA),and optimization modules of SAP2000,and the results of them are compared.The results show that AGA can decrease the time of analyses,the number of analyses,and the total weight of the structure.AGA decreases the total weight of regular and irregular steel frame about 11.1%and 26.4%in comparing with the optimized results of SAP2000,respectively.

关键词： optimization steel frame Asymmetric Genetic Algorithm constraints of ultimate load constraints of serviceability limits penalty function

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Full-scale dynamic testing of response-controlled buildings and their components:concepts,methods,and findings

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2014年第S1期13卷 167-181页

作者： Kazuhiko Kasai Kazuhiro Matsuda Structural Engineering Research Center Tokyo Institute of Technology Director and Professor Assistant Professor

A series of shake-table tests was conducted by inserting and replacing 4 different types of dampers,or by removing them in a full-scale 5-story steel frame building. The objective is to validate response-control technologies that are increasingly adopted for major Japanese buildings without being attested to-date by a major earthquake. Test results are briefly described,and good performance of the dampers and frame demonstrated. The concepts of the full-scale building tests and various contributions are discussed. The difficulty associated with full-scale dynamic testing is explained.

关键词： response-controlled building steel frame steel damper viscous damper oil damper viscoelastic damper

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Test and simulation of full-scale self-centering beam-to-column connection

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2013年第4期12卷 599-607页

作者： Deng Kailai Pan Peng Alexandre Lam Pan Zhenhua Ye Lieping Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of China Education Ministry Department of Civil EngineeringTsinghua University

A new type of beam-to-column connection for steel moment flames, designated as a ＂self-centering connection,＂ is studied. In this connection, bolted top-and-seat angles, and post-tensioned （PT） high-strength steel strands running along the beam are used. The PT strands tie the beam flanges on the column flange to resist moment and provide self-centering force. After an earthquake, the connections have zero deformation, and can be restored to their original status by simply replacing the angles. Four full-scale connections were tested under cyclic loading. The strength, energy-dissipation capacity, hysteresis curve, as well as angles and PT strands behavior of the connections are investigated. A general FEM analysis program called ABAQUS 6.9 is adopted to model the four test specimens. The numerical and test results match very well. Both the test and analysis results suggest that：（1） the columns and beams remain elastic while the angles sustain plastic deformations for energy dissipation when the rotation of the beam related to the column equals 0.05 tad, （2） the energy dissipation capacity is enhanced when the thickness of the angle is increased, and （3） the number of PT strands has a significant influence on the behavior of the connections, whereas the distance between the strands is not as important to the performance of the connection.

关键词： steel frame connection angle post-tensioned prestressing self-centering

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