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Insights into the floatability between spodumene and albite from crystal chemistry standpoint

International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2022年第6期32卷 1329-1339页

作者： Hepeng Zhou Fanxin Xie Yongbing Zhang Boyuan Zhang Siqi Yang Xianping Luo Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Development and Application Technology of Tungsten Resources(Jiangxi University of Science and Technology) Ministry of EducationGanzhou 341000China Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Mining and Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control Jiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou 341000China

spodumene is a silicate mineral rich in lithium.However,the gangue mineral,albite has similar crystal chemical structure and composition to spodumene.In this work,the density functional theory(DFT)calculation was taken to research the floatability from the perspective of crystal chemistry.And contact angle test and reagent adsorption test were used to support the simulation results.In addition,the weighted total density of broken bonds is proposed for the first time to judge the generation probability of cleavage surface.The DFT calculation results display that the Na and Al sites on the albite surface are the adsorption sites of water molecules.While the water molecules only bond with Al atom on the surface of spodumene and each Al site can adsorb only one water molecule.Thus,the wetting effect of water molecules on the albite surface is stronger than that of spodumene.This is consistent with the result of contact angle.In sodium oleate system,the oleic acid anion is adsorbed on the spodumene surface in form of a multicomponent ring while the albite is a single ring.Theoretically,oleic acid anion can be strongly adsorbed on the surface of spodumene and albite under vacuum.The adsorption strength of spodumene is higher than that of albite.However,on hydrated surface,the adsorption strength of oleic acid anion on mineral surface is greatly reduced due to the interaction between water molecules and metal site on mineral surface.Thus,spodumene and albite are hard to float without external activated ions in sodium oleate system.

关键词： spodumene Albite Floatability Crystal chemistry DFT calculation

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Ultrasound application in alkaline pretreatment process of spodumene to improve particle floatability

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2023年第7期33卷 883-891页

作者： Haoran Chu Lanlan Chen Dongfang Lu Yuhua Wang Xiayu Zheng Guangli Zhu School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering Central South UniversityChangsha 410000China Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001China

Selective surface dissolution was found to be important in spodumene flotation. In this study, we proposed to introduce ultrasound into the pretreatment process to accelerate particle vibration and cavitation, as well as the migration of mineral surface components to solution. Micro-flotation results showed that the flotation recovery of spodumene can be 86.08% by ultrasound pretreatment, but only 39.30% by traditional mechanical agitation pretreatment. Compared with traditional mechanical agitation, ultrasonic pretreatment can shorten the pretreatment process, reduce the dosage of agents, reduce the mechanical agitation speed, and improve the efficiency of the pretreating process. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that, in the ultrasonic system, the amount of Li, Al, and Si species in the solution was twice as much as those in the traditional preprocessing system. Moreover, the scanning electron microscope results demonstrated a larger surface dissolution area in the ultrasonic system. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the atomic concentration of Si species on the spodumene surface decreased, whereas the relative atomic concentrations of Li and Al species increased, indicating that the ultrasound effect strengthened the selective dissolution of elements on the mineral surface.The high-resolution spectra of O 1s showed that more collectors are adsorbed on the mineral surface treated by ultrasonic pretreatment.

关键词： Ultrasonic pretreatment spodumene Flotation Surface selective dissolution

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Microscale insights into the influence of grinding media on spodumene micro-flotation using mixed anionic/cationic collectors

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2022年第1期32卷 171-179页

作者： Liping Luo Longhua Xu Xinzhang Shi Jinping Meng Ruohua Liu Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle Ministry of Education Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China School of Resources Processing and Bioengineering Central South UniversityChangsha 410000China

Here,the influence of grinding media with different shapes on the flotation performance of spodumene and its potential mechanism from microscale insights was investigated using a single mineral flotation experiment,X-ray diffraction(XRD)test,scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS),atomic force microscope(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The flotation data indicated that under anionic/cationic(sodium oleate(NaOL)/DDA)collectors system,the rod milled spodumene has a higher floatability than ball milled ones.XRD results confirmed that rod medium makes spodumene exposed more{110}and{100}planes,while ball medium makes spodumene exposed more{010}planes.The typical anisotropic surface of spodumene makes the surface of rod milled spodumene possess more Al sites,further confirmed by SEM-EDS and XPS results.Additionally,it was found that the rod milled spodumene presents a larger value of elongation and flatness,which are parameters closely related to bubble adhesion.AFM analysis indicated that rod milled products have a rougher surface,while ball milled products have a smoother surface.Consequently,the rod medium enhanced the adsorption of NaOL/DDA on the spodumene surfaces.This work provides theoretical guidance for optimizing the separation of spodumene from the perspective of grinding.

关键词： spodumene Flotation Grinding media Shape index Roughness

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Flotation separation of spodumene and albite with activation of calcium ion hydrolysate components

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Rare Metals 2022年第11期41卷 3919-3931页

作者： Xian-Ping Luo Yong-Bing Zhang He-Peng Zhou Fan-Xin Xie Zhi-Zhao Yang Bo-Yuan Zhang Cai-Gui Luo Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Development and Application Technology of Tungsten Resources(Jiangxi University of Science and Technology) Ministry of EducationGanzhou341000China Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Mining and Metallurgy Environmental Pollution Control Jiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou341000China

It is difficult to separate spodumene and albite by flotation with calcium ion as activator.In this study,microflotation experiment,solution chemistry calculation,density functional theory(DFT)calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis were conducted to investigate the effect mechanism of c alcium hydrolysate on the flotation separation of spodumene and albite.Results show that the weak interaction intensity of Ca^(2+)with O atoms on the mineral surface makes it difficult to activate minerals effectively.The O atom in the hydroxyl group of Ca(OH)^(+)and Ca(OH)_(2)can be strongly bonded with Al atom on the mineral surface,which greatly improves the adsorption strength.After the activation of Ca(OH)^(+),the adsorption forms of collectors on the surface of spodumene and albite are quite different,and the adsorption intensity on the surface of spodumene is higher,which is conducive to the flotation separation of spodumene and albite.After the action of Ca(OH)_(2),the adsorption of the collector on the albite surface is stronger than that of spodumene,which is not conducive to the flotation separation of the two minerals.By adjusting the initial concentration of calcium ions and pulp pH,Ca(OH)^(+)is the main active component,which is the key to improve the separation effect of spodumene and albite.

关键词： spodumene Albite Calcium ions Hydrolysate components Flotation Separation

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Effect of Na_(2)O Content on the Structure and Properties of LAS Glass-ceramics Prepared by spodumene

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2022年第5期37卷 794-800页

作者：周志强何峰 SHI Mingjuan XIE Junlin WAN Peng CAO Dahua School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China Foshan Shunde Midea Electro-thermal Appliances Manufacturing Co. LtdFoshan528000China

The Li_(2)O-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2) (LAS) glass-ceramics with low lithium content were prepared from spodumene mineral by melting method.XRD,DSC,and FTIR were used to study the crystallization process and structure of the samples.The results showed that the addition of Na_(2)O promoted the precipitation of β-quartz solid solution and its transformation to β-spodumene solid solution.Mechanical performance tests and FESEM indicated that the larger grain size and inhomogeneous grain dispersion caused by the increase of Na_(2)O content led to lower mechanical properties.In addition,low expansion glass-ceramics were prepared by an appropriate heat treatment according to DSC result,and when Na_(2)O content was in the range of 1.22 wt% to 2.41 wt%,the average coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) (30-300 ℃) increased from-5.810 ×10^(-7 )to 5.322×10^(-7)℃^(-1).

关键词： low thermal expansion Na_(2)O content LAS glass-ceramics spodumene

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Geology and mineralization of the Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun pegmatite-type rare-metal metallogenic belt in China:An overview and synthesis

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第8期66卷 1702-1724页

作者： Jiankang LI Peng LI Qinggao YAN Denghong WANG Guangli REN Xin DING MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China Xi’an Center of Geological Survey China Geological SurveyXi’an 710054China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China

The Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau extends westward from the Songpan-Ganze terrain in western Sichuan to the Tianshuihai region in West Kunlun,Xinjiang.It hosts numerous giant spodumene pegmatite deposits and ore fields,including Jiajika and Ke’eryin in western Sichuan Province,Zhawulong on the border between the Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces,and Dahongliutan in Xinjiang Region.These form the Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun(SP-GZ-WK) pegmatite-type rare-metal metallogenic belt.The pegmatite type rare-metal deposits in this belt are hosted in the metamorphic thermal domes in the metamorphosed flysh of the Triassic Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups.The mineralized pegmatites are intimately related to the Li-and volatile-rich two-mica granites that are peraluminous and have high(Li+Na+K)/(Mn+Fe+Mg+Ca+Ti) ratios.Pegmatites and granites in individual ore field throughout the belt typically form a cogenetic granite-pegmatite system,in which pegmatite dikes commonly surround granites.spodumene is the predominant ore mineral in most pegmatites with limited hydrothermal alteration.In the granite-pegmatite systems,granitic magmas were emplaced under P-T conditions of 800–850°C and ~550 MPa,while spodumene crystallized in an alkaline environment.The granite-pegmatite systems share similar Sr-Nd-Hf-Li isotopic compositions to the metasediments of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups.The δ7Li values tend to increase from the granites to the Li-poor pegmatites,whereas the reverse is observed between the Li-poor and Li-rich pegmatites.These geochronological data suggest that the granite-pegmatite systems formed in the Late Triassic and tend to be progressively younger from the outer to the inner zones of the metallogenic belt.These characteristics show that the granitic-pegmatitic melts were derived from the anatexis of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups during the Paleo-Tethyan orogeny in the Late Triassic.The separation of pegmatitic melts from granitic magmas can be best explained using

关键词： Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun metallogenic belt Rare-metal deposit Granitic pegmatite spodumene Metallogenic regularity

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A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2023年第2期30卷 209-224页

作者： Yubo Liu Baozhong Ma Yingwei Lü Chengyan Wang Yongqiang Chen State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time.Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market,lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries.This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources.Existing methods are summarized by the main resources,such as spodumene,lepidolite,and brine.The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods.This review provides a reference for the research,development,optimization,and industrial application of future processes.

关键词： lithium extraction spodumene lepidolite brine

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Effectively enhancing recovery of fine spodumene via aggregation flotation

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Rare Metals 2020年第3期39卷 316-326页

作者： He-Peng Zhou Jie Hu Yong-Bing Zhang Yi-Jun Cao Xian-Ping Luo Xue-Kun Tang School of Chemical Engineering and Technology China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou221116China Faculty of Resource and Environmental Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and TechnologyGanzhou341000China Chinese National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou221116China Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China Western Mining Co. Ltd.Xining810006China

The effects of shear strength on aggregation flotation processes for fine spodumene(particle size less than 19μm)were investigated in this study.Sodium oleate was used as a surfactant and collector.The shear strength was controlled by varying the agitation speed of a selfmade stirring apparatus.The aggregation process was studied by measuring the continuous transformations in the size distribution and shape of flocs.The results showed that as the shear strength increased,the distribution of fine spodumene transformed from bimodal to unimodal mode.The flocs tended to bridge more branches with a high shear strength and form globule-like flocs with very high strengths.The parameter"aggregation degree"was introduced to evaluate the aggregation process as a function of shear strength.The flotation rate of flocs formed with different shear strengths was also studied.These results demonstrated that the flotation rate was closely related to shear strength and that there was a close correlation between this and aggregation degree.These results could be used to guide the actual production of fine particles via shear aggregation flotation.

关键词： Shear strength Fine spodumene Flotation rate Shear aggregation Sodium oleate

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First-principles theory on electronic structure and floatability of spodumene

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Rare Metals 2014年第6期33卷 742-748页

作者： Gui-Chun He Hua-Mei Xiang Wei Jiang Qian Kang Jian-Hua Chen Faculty of Resource and Environmental Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology College of Resources and Metallurgy Guangxi University

The band structure, density of states, Mulliken populations, and frontier orbital of spodumene crystal were calculated using the first-principles method based on the density functional theory（DFT） and further analyzed in detail. The calculation results reveal that the O in spodumene is the most active and easily links with H＋in the water, but the active Li is very low, so it is better to add activator to increase the concentrate grade and recovery rate of spodumene in the flotation process. Si–O bonds in spodumene crystal are mainly covalent, since the covalency of Al–O bonds is stronger than that of Li–O bonds,and minerals dissociate along the weakest Li–O bonds. In addition, the study of the frontier orbital indicates that both O and Si atoms have large contribution to the frontier orbital in the spodumene crystal. Oleate and dodecylamine are used as the collectors of spodumene. The results contribute to the understanding of crystal structures of spodumene, and can be used in guiding related practical applications.

关键词： spodumene Electronic structure Floatability First-principles method Frontier orbital

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Leaching　Mechanism　of　the　spodumene　Sulphuric　Acid　Process

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Rare Metals 1997年第1期16卷 37-45页

作者：肖明顺王世亨张琴芳张锦文

Leaching mechanism of acid roasted ore in the spodumene sulphuric acid process was investigated. Experimental results of leaching rates along with variations of leaching temperature in the acidized and neutral leaching processes were reported. Applying ion exchange mechanism in acidized roasting and absorption entrainment mechanism at high temperature, leaching mechanism was discussed. A better explanation of experimental results was given.

关键词： spodumene Sulphuric acid process Leaching mechanism Leaching of lithium

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