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The Effect Density Has on the speed of light, Time, and the Dimensions of the Multiverse

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2022年第4期8卷 935-939页

作者： Ardeshir Irani The Dark Energy Research Institute Downey California USA

We show that as the dimensions of the Multiverse increase so does its density. This increase in density has the effect of decreasing the speed of light, slowing down time, and increasing the life span of each higher dimension and the life span of human beings occupying that higher dimension. We use the tenth dimension as the highest dimension as a special case but show that it is not possible to exactly determine its value because of varying factors that can end the Multiverse, sending all the Energy back into the original levels of the Quantum of the void that started the creation process.

关键词： Density Gravity Time speed of light Higher Dimensions

Black Hole Singularities and Planetary Formation

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第4期12卷 1079-1088页

作者： Louise Riofrio Insight Optics Houston USA Quantum Astrobiology Center of Manizales Manizales Colombia

The goal of this research is to explore the effects of black hole singularities. Methodology is to start with large objects like galaxies and continue to smaller objects within our solar neighbourhood. High-redshift observations from the James Webb Space Telescope reveal that distant galaxies and their central black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. An innovation about the speed of light explains how supermassive black holes could have formed primordially. Predictions of Hawking radiation include the possibility of black holes contributing to the energy of stars such as the Sun. Black holes have also been suggested as a source of radiation and magnetic fields in giant planets. Observations of Enceladus raise the possibility that this moon and other objects near Saturn’s Rings contain small singularities. Extrapolations of this methodology indicate that black holes could exist within solar system bodies including planets. Extended discussion describes how their presence could explain mysteries of internal heat, planetary magnetic fields, and processes of solar system formation.

关键词： Black Holes Galaxies Magnetic Fields Planets Planetary Formation speed of light

light speed Expansion and Rotation of a Very Dark Machian Universe Having Internal Acceleration

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International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020年第3期10卷 247-283页

作者： U. V. S Seshavatharam S. Lakshminarayana Honorary Faculty I-SERVE Survey No-42 Hitech City Hyderabad India Department of Nuclear Physics Andhra University Visakhapatnam India

We present a Machian model of Quantum Cosmology with full dark matter and light speed expansion and rotation. During galaxy formation and evolution, fraction of dark matter transforms to visible matter with a relation of the form, m_vis = constant * (m_dark)2/3. Using this relation and replacing MOND’s “critical acceleration” with “current cosmic maximum angular acceleration”, galactic flat rotation speed range of (50 to 500) km/sec can be fitted well. Estimated flat rotation speeds of DD168, Milky Way and UGC12591 are 49.96 km/sec, 199.66 km/sec and 521.75 km/sec respectively. Based on these striking coincidences, it is possible to say that, MOND’s approach is implicitly connected with cosmological estimation of 95% invisible matter. With reference to SPARC data for flat rotation speeds and current cosmic maximum angular acceleration, galactic total mass can be estimated. Considering galactic total mass, galactic visible mass and dark mass can be estimated. Proceeding further, galactic working radii, angular velocity and visible matter density can be estimated. Estimated Milky Way’s effective radius is 293 kpc. Even though, this model is free from “big bang”, “inflation”, “dark energy”, “flatness” and “red shift” issues, at 2.722 K, estimated present Hubble parameter is 66.24 km/sec/Mpc, cosmic radius is 146.3 times of the Hubble radius, angular velocity is 146.3 times lower than the Hubble parameter and cosmic age is 146.3 times of the Hubble age. With future observations and advanced telescopes, it may be possible to see far distant galaxies and very old stars far beyond the current observable cosmic radius.

关键词： Planck Scale Machian Universe speed of light Galactic Dark Matter Galactic Visible Mass Galactic Visible Mass Density Cosmic Anisotropy Galactic Internal Acceleration Cosmic Graviton Wavelength

Negative and Superluminal Group Velocity Propagation with Narrow Pulse in a Coaxial Photonic Crystal

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Chinese Physics Letters 2007年第3期24卷 624-627页

作者：偶晓娟周渭李琳滕李虎冯宝英郑胜峰王凤伟 Department of Measurement and Instrument Xidian University Xi'an 710071

We investigate the propagation of electric signal along a spatially periodic impedance mismatched transmission line group. Anomalous dispersion is caused by the periodically mismatched impedance structure and a forbidden band appears near 8 MHz in transmission. The group velocity of the amplitude-modulated signal is augmented up to infinity, even -3.89c （c the speed of light in vacuum） in the forbidden region with the amplitude of the modulated signal increasing. When the carrier sinusoid signal is modulated in amplitude by the modulating sinusoid signal, of which the peak is superimposed with a narrow pulse at fivefold frequency, the superluminal group velocity also occurs. The experiment failed to show whether the propagation velocity of narrow pulse exceeds c or not.

关键词： PHOTONICS CRYSTALS SIGNAL theory (Telecommunication) ELECTRIC lines DISPERSION ELECTRIC impedance speed of light

A Possible Alternative to the Accelerating Universe III

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Journal of Modern Physics 2016年第13期7卷 1829-1844页

作者： Frank R. Tangherlini San Diego CA USA

This work extends the author’s two previous works (2015), Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370, by obtaining the index of refraction n of the dark energy for additional values of the cosmological density parameters, and for the two methods of obtaining n: least squares fit, and electromagnetic theory. Comparison of the alternative model with the accelerating universe for the new values of the density parameters and n is given in two tables. The new values for n are used to obtain a range of ages for the Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe. It is shown that the EdS universe must be older than the comparison accelerating universe. This requirement is met for the Planck 2015 value of the Hubble constant, corrected for the speed of light reduction by n. A supporting measurement as well as a disagreeing measurement is also discussed. Possible support from a stellar age determination is also discussed. It is shown that the expression obtained earlier for the increased apparent magnitude of the SNe Ia provides as good a fit for a closed universe with Ω(tot = 1.005) , as it does for the flat EdS universe. Comparison is presented in a third table. An upper bound on ΩΛ is given for a closed universe that eventually collapses back on itself that is too small for the value needed for the accelerating universe.

关键词： Dark Energy speed of light Age of Universe Closed Universe

Ether as the Fundamental Substance of the Creation of the Universe

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2023年第12期11卷 3800-3825页

作者： Avas Khugaev Eugeniya Bibaeva Institute of Nuclear Physics Tashkent Uzbekistan

The paper analyzes the concept of Ether and substantiates the necessity of its existence as a physical reality, which arises within the framework of the concept developed by the authors of the work. The authors come to the conclusion that the existence of Ether in two different forms, plays an exceptional role in the formation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy and leads to the emergence of exotic cosmological structures and their hierarchy in energy, temporal, and spatial scale. The mechanism of the formation of physical structures before the Big Bang and their further evolution, up to the formation of worlds of galaxies and stars, is considered. The necessity of the emergence of exotic structures, such as 3 spheres of the Primary Relict, is shown, its structure and dynamic properties leading to the formation of Order from Chaos are considered. The role of the 1st and 2nd type Ether in the formation of the mechanism of transformation of cosmic energies and quantum phase transitions, in the process of the birth and evolution of the Universe is discussed. The conclusion is made about the existence of universal properties of matter, at the level of Macro and Microcosms, and a multidimensional cosmological model with an isothermal temperature distribution is constructed, leading to a discrete distribution of matter separated by transitions, by analogy with Black-and-White Holes. It is shown that the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light in any inertial system is a consequence of the principle of covariance.

关键词： Ether speed of light Black and White Hole Quantum Transitions Primary Relict Chaos and Order Primary Atom Big Bang Dark Matter and Energy Borromeo Rings

Is There an Absolute Scale for speed?

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第8期13卷 1184-1196页

作者： Ricardo B. Ferreira Joã o B. Ferreira Instituto Superior de Agronomia University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil Lisbon Portugal

Except for the speed of photons in vacuum, all speeds are relative. Could we develop an absolute scale for speed in which relative values for speed may be arbitrarily positioned and compared in absolute terms? The currently accepted definition for the meter as the distance covered by photons in vacuum during 1/299,792,458 s, and the view that the greater a material particle is accelerated towards c, the greater time dilation and length contraction will be, suggest that anything disturbing one of the four spacetime dimensions may affect the other three as well. One hypothetical experiment, one real experiment performed in the 1970s, and one experiment from a different field of science are discussed to propose that both time and velocity are only partially relative. In the first experiment, person A is standing still on the Earth’s surface, and person B is onboard a train passing by person A at the constant speed of 60 km/h (as measured by person B on the train’s speedometer). Persons A and B define two distinct inertial frames of reference, which correspond to two different spacetime conditions and which are therefore characterized by comparatively different lengths of the meter and durations of the second, as predicted by the Lorentz factor. Therefore, if person B onboard the train measures the train’s speed relative to person A as 60 km/h, a simple calculation will show that person A will perceive the train passing by at 59.99999999999981455834 km/h. If we consider the speed of photons in vacuum (c = 299,792,458 m/s) as a universal reference, and if we consider that the greater a material particle is accelerated towards c, the greater time dilation and length contraction will be, then person C, occupying an independent, distinct inertial frame of reference, will be unable to determine persons A and B’s absolute speeds, but may infer which one is moving at a speed closer to c by comparing, with his own meter and second, the durations of the second and the lengths of

关键词： Spacetime Relativity speed of light Space Time

The Impact of the Earth’s Movement through the Space on Measuring the Velocity of light

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2016年第6期4卷 1168-1178页

作者： Miloš Čojanović Independent Researcher Montreal Canada

Goal of this experiment is basically measuring the velocity of light. As usual we will measure two-way velocity of light (from A to B and back). In contrast to the similar experiments we will not assume that speeds of light from A to B and from B to A are equal. To achieve this we will take into account Earth’s movement through the space, rotation around its axis and apply “least squares method for cosine function”, which will be explained in Section 9. Assuming that direction East-West is already known, one clock, a source of light and a mirror, is all equipment we need for this experiment.

关键词： speed of light One Way speed of light Least Squares Method for Cosine Function

The Impact of the Earth’s Movement through the Space on Measuring the Velocity of light(Part Two)

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2017年第3期5卷 741-757页

作者： Milos Cojanovic Independent Researcher MontrealCanada

In this paper is presented an experiment that has a goal to measure the speed of light in one direction, using one clock and one mirror. To achieve this, we have to make the measurements during the period of one year (nine months at least), taking into account earth’s movement through the space, earth’s rotation around its axis and the fact that earth spin axis is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit of the sun.

关键词： speed of light One Way speed of light Absolute Velocity of the Earth