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Male-driven reproductive and agonistic character displacement in darters and its implications for speciation.in allopatry

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Current Zoology 2018年第1期64卷 101-113页

作者： Rachel L. MORAN Rebecca C. FULLER School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois Champaign IL 61820 USA

Selection against hybridization can cause mating traits to diverge between species in sympatry via reproductive character displacement （RCD）. Additionally, selection against interspecific fighting can cause aggressive traits to diverge between sympatric species via agonistic character displacement （ACD）. By directly affecting conspecific recognition traits, RCD and ACD between species can also incidentally cause divergence in mating and fighting traits among populations within a species [termed cascade RCD （CRCD） and cascade ACD]. Here, we demonstrate patterns consistent with male-driven RCD and ACD in 2 groups of darters （orangethroat darter clade Ceasia and rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum）. In both groups, males that occur in sympatry （between Ceasia and E. caeruleum） have higher levels of preference for mating and fighting with conspecifics over heterospecifics than do males from allopatry. This is consistent with RCD and ACD. We also found patterns consistent with CRCD and cascade ACD among species of Ceasia. Ceasia males that are sympatric to E. caeruleum （but allopatric to one another） also have heightened preferences for mat- ing and fighting with conspecific versus heterospecific Ceasia. In contrast, Ceasia males that are allopatric to E. caeruleum readily mate and fight with heterospecific Ceasia. We suggest that RCD and ACD between Ceasia and E. caeruleum has incidentally led to divergence in mating and fighting traits among Ceasia species. This study is unique in that male preferences evolve via both RCD （male preference for conspecific females） and ACD （male preference to fight conspecific males） which leads to subsequent divergence among allopatric lineages.

关键词： agonistic character displacement behavioral isolation cascade reinforcement reinforcement reproductive charac-ter displacement speciation.

speciation.along a shared evolutionary trajectory

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Current Zoology 2016年第6期62卷 507-511页

作者： Ned A. DOCHTERMANN Marjorie D. MATOCQ Department of Biological Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Program in Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno USA

Groups of organisms-whether multiple species or populations of a single species-can differ in several non-exclusive ways. For example, groups may have diverged phenotypically, genetically, or in the evolutionary responses available to them. We tested for the latter of these-response di- vergence-between 2 species of woodrats： Neotoma fuscipes and Neotoma macrotis. Based on random skewers analyses we found that, despite being well differentiated both phenotypically and genetically, N. fuscipes and N. macrotis appear to be diverging along a shared evolutionary trajec- tory （ro = 0.895, P= 0.114）. Because these species are currently in secondary contact, their phenotypic evolution being along a shared evolutionary axis has important implications. In particular, that their response to selection arising from interspecific interactions will be constrained along the same evolutionary trajectory may reduce the potential for reinforcing selection to maintain species boundaries.

关键词： Divergence Neotoma random skewers speciation.

Characterization of a novel toxin-antitoxin module, VapBC, encoded by Leptospira interrogans chromosome

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Cell Research 2004年第3期14卷 208-216页

作者： Yi Xuan ZHANG, Xiao Kui GUO, Chuan WU, Bo BI, Shuang Xi REN, Chun Fu WU, Guo Ping ZHAO Pharmaceutical Department, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China. Research Center of Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Caobao Road, Shanghai 200233, China. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Second Medical University, 280 Chongqingnan Road, Shanghai 200025, China. Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGCS), 250 Bibo Road, ZhangJiang High Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China. Pharmaceutical Department Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District Shenyang China Research Center of Biotechnology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Shanghai Second Medical University Shanghai China Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGCS) 250 Bibo Road ZhangJiang High Tech Park Shanghai China

Comparative genomic analysis of the coding sequences （CDSs） of Leptospira interrogans revealed a pair of closely linked genes homologous to the vapBC loci of many other bacteria with respect to both deduced amino acid sequences and operon organizations. Expression of single vapC gene in Escherichia coli resulted in inhibition of bacterial growth, whereas co-expression of vapBC restored the growth effectively. This phenotype is typical for three other characterized toxin-antitoxin systems of bacteria, i.e., mazEF[1], relBE[2] and chpIK[3]. The VapC proteins of bacteria and a thermophilic archeae, Solfolobus tokodaii, form a structurally distinguished group of toxin different from the other known toxins of bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of both toxins and antitoxins of all categories indicated that although toxins were evolved from divergent sources and may or may not follow their speciation.paths （as indicated by their 16s RNA sequences）, co-evolution with their antitoxins was obvious.

关键词： Leptospria toxin-antitoxin system VapBC co-evolution speciation.

The evolution of aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification

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Integrative Zoology 2008年第3期3卷 149-156页

作者： Kara PRZECZEK Carla MUELLER Steven M.VAMOSI Department of Biological Sciences University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada

Although the use of distinct colors to indicate unprofitability to predators(***)is commonly thought of as an adaptation,our knowledge of its macroevolutionary effects is *** aposematism is expected to decrease attacks by predators,we hypothesized that aposematic lineages should be larger on average than their non-aposematic sister groups because of the decreased probability of extinction and/or increased probability of speciation.*** diversification).The results of our sister-group analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that the evolution of aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification of lineages,with the aposematic focal group having more species in 11 of 14 pairs of sister *** the apparent advantages of reduced predation risk on diversification rates,the evolution of aposematism is relatively rare and reversions to a cryptic state are not *** addition to the difficulties in evolving a trait that initially decreases the survivorship of prey among naïve predators,we discuss other factors that may limit the apparent prevalence and success of *** is hoped that the results of our analysis will encourage further analyses of the phylogenetic relationships among aposematic groups and their relatives,and of the evolutionary time scales over which the benefits of aposematism are the greatest to lineages with this condition.

关键词： aposematism diversification predation sister-group comparisons speciation.

An integrated assessment of a group with complex systematics: the Iberomaghrebian lizard genus Podarcis (Squamata, Lacertidae)

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Integrative Zoology 2008年第4期3卷 247-266页

作者： Miguel A.CARRETERO CIBIO Reseach Center in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesCampus Agrário de Vair鉶4485-661VairaoPortugal

A critical review of the evolutionary biology of Iberian and North African lizard members of the genus Podarcis(Lacertidae)based on phylogeny,phylogeography,morphometrics,behavior,ecology and physiology is *** Iberomaghrebian region is inhabited by at least 12 different evolutionary lineages that group into a monophyl-etic clade(except Podarcis muralis).In contrast to the current taxonomy,the saxicolous‘Podarcis hispanica’is paraphyletic with respect to Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli,two currently recognized *** in the phylogenetic tree are deep,resulting from old divergences,clearly preceding the ***,more recent range changes as a result of glaciations are also *** most plausible evolutionary scenario for this group indicates both vicariant and dispersal *** parapatry between lineages is the rule,sympatry and even syntopy are frequent,but usually between ground-dwelling and saxicolous *** between forms with similar habitat use are rare and *** distinctiveness between lineages has been demonstrated,indicating historical ***,other characters have repeatedly evolved under similar environmental pressures independently of the evolutionary *** sexual dimorphism derives from sexual selection and is attained before sexual maturity,although developmental restrictions *** between popu-lations is also important and derives from local variation in both natural(habitat,climate)and sexual(density)selective *** for short-term changes has already been found,particularly in insular *** isolation between syntopic forms and partner recognition are based on male–male competition and on visual and chemical recognition of females by conspecific *** this ancient diversification,most forms maintain a degree of reproductive *** may occur,but is limited,and there is evidence of selection

关键词： Morphometrics Mediterranean basin phylogeny Podarcis reproductive isolation speciation.