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ROLE OF INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY IN TOURIST DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT

Chinese Geographical Science 2005年第4期15卷 368-376页

作者： PAN Li-li BAO Ji-gang Center for Tourism Planning ＆ Re search SUN Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China College of Management Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310010 P. R. China

Intervening opportunity is an important factor in spatial interaction, and has very important impacts on tourist destination development in a region. There are few literatures on this topic in tourist researches, and especially in China fewer tourist researchers pay attention to intervening opportunity theory. This article, taking Lin’an as a case study, aims to introduce intervening opportunity theory in tourist destination development by the comprehensive ana-lysis of some data including literatures, Internet information, longitudinal data and some tourist surveys. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are all used in this research. Firstly, the authors expatiate upon the definition of intervening opportunity, by reviewing the literatures in detail, take Lin’an of Zhejiang Province as a case study, and then analyze some necessary factors of intervening opportunity, such as regional tourist demands and supplies, tourist attractions, spatial distance and transportation, tourist images and costs, regional competition and cooperation in tourist destinations. Finally the impacts of intervening opportunity on Lin’an tourist development are analyzed in detail. The results show that intervening opportunity do not occur everywhere, and there must be some critical factors, and intervening opportunity surely plays important roles in tourist destination development. The tourist development in Lin’an is attributed to intervening opportunity of the spatial location between Hangzhou and Huangshan that are two famous tourist cities in China, and the occurrence of intervening opportunities in Lin’an is the integration of some external and internal factors.

关键词： intervening opportunity theory spatial competition Lin'an Huangshan Hangzhou

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Interactions between Cryptosula and Watersipora (Bryozoa： Cheilostomata) on a ship＇s hull in Qingdao Harbour (South Yellow Sea) after five and a half years of immersion

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2017年第5期35卷 1179-1188页

作者：刘会莲 Kamil ZáGOR?EK 王世伟马士德 Paul D.TAYLOR Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Geography Technical University of Liberec Department of Earth Sciences Natural History MuseumCromwell Road London

The distributions of two ubiquitous fouling cheilostome bryozoans,Cryptosula pallasiana(Moll,1803)and W atersipora sp.,on a ship moored for almost six years in Qingdao Bay show diff erences with respect to illumination,C ryptosula being dominant on the side of the ship which was exposed to the sun and Watersipora dominating on the other side which was in shadow for most of the *** interactions for substrate space were nearly always won by Watersipora,which succeeded in overgrowing the edges of C ryptosula colonies regardless of the side of the *** for the superiority of W atersipora in spatial competition with Cryptosula could include faster growth rate and the stronger feeding currents created by the larger lophophores of Watersipora.

关键词： ecology Cryptosula Watersipora spatial competition Yellow Sea Qingdao

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Departure from naturalized to invasive stage:a disturbanceinduced mechanism and associated interacting factors

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2010年第4期3卷 231-242页

作者： Amit Chakraborty Bai-Lian Li Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521-0124USA Center for Conservation Biology University of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521-0334USA CAU-UCR International Center for Ecology and Sustainability University of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA

Aims Within a habitat of multiple plant species,increased resource availabilities and altered species abundances following disturbances create opportunities for exotic species to successfully establish and subsequently naturalize into its non-native *** post-disturbance changes in abiotic and biotic environments may also promote a naturalized exotic species(or invading species)to become invasive through rapid colonization of the habitat sites by reducing the extent and size of resident plant *** combining species life history traits with that of the disturbance-induced changes in habitat characteristics,we aimed to determine those interacting factors and associated mechanism allowing an exotic invasion to start *** We used a modified version of the classic competition–colonization(CC)model which was formulated first by Hastings(1980)and studied later by Tilman(1994)to explain spatial coexistence of multiple *** this model framework,recruitment-limited spatial competition has explicitly been linked with interspecific resource competition without altering the basic assumptions and structure of the original CC *** findings The model results showed that at a constant rate of resource supply,invading species can stably coexist with native species via trade-offs between species competitive ability and colonizing *** the other hand,the model predicted that with a fluctuating resource condition,invading species can successfully invade a habitat following continuous reductions in the size and extent of native *** or not invading species holds competitive superiority over the native species for limiting resource,we showed that there exists a range of variation in available resource that allows an exotic invasion to start off in post-disturbance *** associated disturbance-induced mechanism promoting invading species to become invasive has been *** states that occurrences of disturbances suc

关键词： invasion naturalized species spatial competition propagule supply resource variation

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中国城市规模的度量及其空间竞争的来源

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区域与城市经济 2017年第6期

作者：杨孟禹蔡之兵张可云

本文基于全球夜间灯光数据构建了新城市规模指数，力求以更客观、更综合的视角来度量城市规模，并从空间竞争角度研究城市规模变动。对新城市规模指数的分析表明，一定条件下其能纠正土地和人口总量度量法引起的误差；本文进一步通过构... 详细信息

本文基于全球夜间灯光数据构建了新城市规模指数，力求以更客观、更综合的视角来度量城市规模，并从空间竞争角度研究城市规模变动。对新城市规模指数的分析表明，一定条件下其能纠正土地和人口总量度量法引起的误差；本文进一步通过构建反映城市规模变动空间竞争的空间计量模型，对引起竞争的“水平方向(横向策略互动)”和“垂直方向(纵向共同反应)”两个来源进行了识别。结果显示：“水平方向”的竞争强度为正，且逐年递增，城市规模空间竞争表现为愈来愈强的模仿性；“垂直方向”的竞争强度也为正，官员晋升体制也能引起城市规模空间效仿现象；研究还发现，在晋升年份，以垂直方向的竞争为主，其他年份则以水平方向的竞争为主。过去十年来中央政府“做对了(城市规模)激励”，但“做对协调”却显不足，未来应加强“做对协调”，实现二者统一。

关键词：城市规模夜间灯光空间竞争空间计量地方政府行为 urban scale night-time light spatial competition spatial econometrics local government behavior

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旅游地空间竞争规律探究

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旅游管理 2017年第6期

作者：许春晓王甫园王开泳李萍

旅游地空间竞争是旅游地理学的经典课题，研究意义重大。按照理论演绎—假设提出—实证检验的范式，从旅游者目的地选择时空行为视角重新审视和辨析旅游地空间竞争现象，并据此提出相关理论假设，再以湖南省为研究区域，采用问卷调查获... 详细信息

旅游地空间竞争是旅游地理学的经典课题，研究意义重大。按照理论演绎—假设提出—实证检验的范式，从旅游者目的地选择时空行为视角重新审视和辨析旅游地空间竞争现象，并据此提出相关理论假设，再以湖南省为研究区域，采用问卷调查获得市场对目的地选择的基础数据，对假设进行检验，得山旅游地空间竞争的4项基本规律：①旅游地竞争优势等级处于不均衡的动态变化中；②旅游地竞争优势的轮换式消长形成客源轮换机会分布的分级圈层结构；③旅游地轮换式竞争格局体现在消费者出游决策次序的先后排布；④细分市场的选择偏好增强旅游地轮换机会分布的均等化趋向。研究进一步揭示了旅游地空间竞争时空格局的内在逻辑，拓宽了旅游地空间竞争的研究视角，同时给旅游地发展以及区域旅游的开发和管理实践提供新的参考。

关键词：选择旅游地旅游者空间竞争规律 choice destination tourist spatial competition rules

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中国城市扩张的空间竞争实证分析

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区域与城市经济 2016年第12期

作者：杨孟禹张可云

基于全球夜间灯光数据，本文构建了新的城市规模综合度量方法，界定了城市扩张，并建立两区制空间杜宾模型，利用中国160个地级及以上城市2004-2013年的面板数据，对中国城市扩张的空间竞争进行实证研究。研究表明：第一，中国城市扩张... 详细信息

基于全球夜间灯光数据，本文构建了新的城市规模综合度量方法，界定了城市扩张，并建立两区制空间杜宾模型，利用中国160个地级及以上城市2004-2013年的面板数据，对中国城市扩张的空间竞争进行实证研究。研究表明：第一，中国城市扩张在空间上存在着显著的正向空间竞争行为；第二，中国城市扩张的空间竞争存在“竞争向上”现象，且规模小的城市会对空间释放更强的竞争信号；第三，城市群对城市扩张的空间竞争有一定抑制作用；第四，省会及以上城市间的空间竞争强度与其他普通城市间的竞争强度无显著差异。本文研究结果对完善城市扩张控制政策、改善城市扩张空间失衡格局和深入推进新型城镇化具有重要意义。

关键词：城市扩张空间竞争空间计量空间杜宾模型 urban expansion spatial competition spatial econometrics spatial Durbin model

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