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spark plasma sintering of Mg-based Alloys:Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,Corrosion Behavior,and Tribological Performance

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第2期12卷 405-442页

作者： Alessandro M.Ralls Mohammadreza Daroonparvar Pradeep L.Menezes Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada RenoRenoNV89557United States

Within the past ten years,spark plasma sintering(SPS)has become an increasingly popular process for Mg *** the SPS process,interparticle diffusion of compressed particles is rapidly achieved due to the concept of Joule *** to traditional and additive manufacturing(AM)techniques,SPS gives unique control of the structural and microstructural features of Mg *** doing so,their mechanical,tribological,and corrosion properties can be *** great advancements in this field have been made,these pieces of knowledge are scattered and have not been contextualized into a single *** motivation of this work is to address this scientific gap and to provide a groundwork for understanding the basics of SPS manufacturing for *** do so,the existing body of SPS Mg literature was first surveyed,with a focus on their structural formation and degradation *** was found that successful Mg SPS fabrication highly depended on the processing temperature,particle size,and particle *** addition of metal and ceramic composites also affected their microstructural features due to the Zener pinning *** degradative environments,their performance depends on their structural features and whether they have secondary phased *** industrial applications,SPS'd Mg was found to have great potential in biomedical,hydrogen storage,battery,automotive,and recycling *** prospects to advance the field include using Mg as a doping agent for crystallite size refinement and using bulk metallic Mg-based glass powders for amorphous SPS *** these findings,the interactions of multi-composites on the processing-structure-property relationships of SPS Mg is not well *** total,this work will provide a useful direction in the SPS field and serve as a milestone for future Mg-based SPS manufacturing.

关键词： spark plasma sintering Magnesium alloys Nanocrystalline Tribology Mechanical properties Corrosion

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spark plasma sintering of tungsten-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第1期31卷 146-154页

作者： Yongchul Yoo Xiang Zhang Fei Wang Xin Chen Xing-Zhong Li Michael Nastasi Bai Cui Department of Mechanical&Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnNE 68588USA Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnNE 68588USA Department of Nuclear Engineering Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX 77843USA

W-based WTaVCr refractory high entropy alloys (RHEA) may be novel and promising candidate materials for plasma facing components in the first wall and diverter in fusion reactors. This alloy has been developed by a powder metallurgy process combining mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPSed samples contained two phases, in which the matrix is RHEA with a body-centered cubic structure, while the oxide phase was most likely Ta2VO6through a combined analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD),energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The higher oxygen affinity of Ta and V may explain the preferential formation of their oxide phases based on thermodynamic calculations. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed an average grain size of 6.2μm. WTaVCr RHEA showed a peak compressive strength of 2997 MPa at room temperature and much higher micro-and nano-hardness than W and other W-based RHEAs in the literature. Their high Rockwell hardness can be retained to at least 1000°C.

关键词： refractory high entropy alloy plasma-facing material fusion reactor spark plasma sintering

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spark plasma sintering of high-toughness ZrO_2 materials doped with yttrium

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Rare Metals 2008年第5期27卷 479-483页

作者： CHEN Liliang JIA Chengchang WANG Kaiming nstitute of Powder Metallurgy School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China Department of Physics University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China

Zirconia powders doped with yttrium prepared by special liquid-phase precipitation method were sintered by spark plasma sintering （SPS） to obtain high performance samples. The microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the samples were studied. The results of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectrum, and transmission electron microscope （TEM） show that the phase is tetragonal. The powders with large surface area and high sintering activity, due to small crystallite size, could be densified at 1100℃. The highest relative density of the sample obtained at 1300℃ is higher than 99% （the tetragonal phase is 6.08 g/cm^3）. The Hv and KIC are 13.76 GPa and 15.4 MPa.m^1/2, respectively.

关键词： zirconia tetragonal phase spark plasma sintering nanopowders

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spark plasma sintering on mechanically activated W-Cu powders

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Rare Metals 2004年第3期23卷 269-273页

作者： JIAChengchang LIZhigang HEYuntao QUXuanhui SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering UniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijingBeijing100083China

Mechanically activated W-Cu powders were sintered by a spark plasma sinteringsystem (SPS) in order to develop a new process and improve the properties of the alloy. Propertiessuch as density and hardness were measured. The microstructures of the sintered W-Cu alloy sampleswere observed by SEM (scanning electron microscope). The results show that spark plasma sinteringcan obviously lower the sintering temperature and increase the density of the alloy. This processcan also improve the hardness of the alloy. SPS is an effective method to obtain W-Cu powders withhigh density and superior physical properties.

关键词： powder metallurgy W-Cu alloy spark plasma sintering mechanical activation

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spark plasma sintering of a high-energy ball milled Mg-10 wt% Al alloy

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2020年第2期8卷 319-328页

作者： M.U.F.Khan A.Patil J.Christudasjustus T.Borkar R.K.Gupta Department of Chemical Biomolecularand Corrosion EngineeringThe University of AkronAkronOH 44325United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Washkevicz College of EngineeringCleveland State UniversityClevelandOH 44115United States

The influence of spark plasma sintering(SPS)temperature on microstructure,hardness and corrosion behavior of a high-energy ball milled Mg-10wt%Al alloy was investigated in this *** holding time and sintering pressure for SPS were kept constant while varying the sintering temperature from 200 to 350℃.The grain size and microstructure were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Archimedes'based density *** behavior was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization *** nanocrystalline regime(grain size<100nm)was maintained even after SPS up to 350℃.The density of the alloy increased with increasing the SPS ***'hardness and corrosion performance improved up to 300℃ followed by a decrease after SPS at 350℃.Possible reasons for densification,strengthening,and corrosion behavior have been discussed in the light of reduced porosity and microstructural changes.

关键词： Nanocrystalline alloy Magnesium High energy ball milling spark plasma sintering Corrosion

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Morphology and magnetic properties of Sm_(2)Co_(7)/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets produced by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering

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Journal of Rare Earths 2021年第3期39卷 312-316,I0003页

作者： Yitong Zhuge Yuqing Li Xiaochang Xu Dongtao Zhang Hongguo Zhang Weiqiang Liu Ming Yue Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Ministry of Education of ChinaCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China

In this article,the Sm_(2)Co_(7)/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets were prepared by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering *** effect of soft phase content on the magnetic properties was *** to 30 wt% α-Fe was added into Sm_(2)Co_(7) matrix without the decrease of *** energy product(BH)max of 9.2 MGOe was obtained with 20 wt% α-*** observation shows that the grain size of α-Fe is 20-50 nm which ensures a good coupling effect between soft and hard *** more thing needs to be mentioned is that there exists inter-diffusion between Sm-Co phase and α-Fe ***,our results can also illustrate that the Sm_(2)Co_(7)/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets are able to acquire better magnetic properties than the SmCo_(5)/α-Fe magnets prepared by the same process due to the large domain width of Sm_(2)Co_(7) phase.

关键词： Nanocomposite magnet Microstructure Interdiffusion Exchange coupling effect spark plasma sintering Rare earths

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Structural engineering of hard carbon through spark plasma sintering for enhanced sodium-ion storage

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Rare Metals 2024年第9期43卷 4274-4285页

作者： Hao-Ming Xiao Heng Zheng Ping Yuan Jun-Hui Luo Lin-Lin Shen Jie-Feng Tan Xian-You Luo De Li Yong Chen Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies School of Materials Science and Hydrogen EnergyFoshan UniversityFoshan 528000China State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Utilization of Si-Zr-Ti ResourcesHainan UniversityHaikou 570228China

Hard carbon(HC)has emerged as one of the superior anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),with its electrochemical performance significantly influenced by the presence of oxygen functional groups and its closed pore ***,current research on the structural adjustment of these oxygen functional groups and the closed pore architecture within HC remains ***,energy-efficient and contamination-free spark plasma sintering technology was employed to tune the structure of coconut-shell HC,resulting in significant adjustments to the content of carboxyl(decreasing from 5.71 at%to 2.12 at%)and hydroxyl groups(decreasing from 7.73 at%to 6.26 at%).Crucially,these modifications reduced the irreversible reaction of oxygen functional groups with Na^(+).Simultaneously,a substantial number of closed pores with an average diameter of 1.22 nm were generated within the HC,offering an ideal environment for efficient Na^(+)*** structural changes resulted in a remarkable improvement in the electrochemical performance of the modified *** reversible specific capacity of the modified HC surged from 73.89 mAh·g^(-1)to an impressive 251.97 m Ah·g^(-1)at a current density of 50 mA·g^(-1).Even at 400 mA·g^(-1),the reversible specific capacity increased significantly from 14.55 to 85.44 mAh·g^(-1).Hence,this study provides a novel perspective for designing tailored HC materials with the potential to develop high-performance SIBs.

关键词： Hard carbon spark plasma sintering Sodiumion batteries Closed pores Oxygen functional groups

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Solid-state single-crystal growth of YAG and Nd: YAG by spark plasma sintering

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第11期106卷 118-127页

作者： Iva Milisavljevic Guangran Zhang Yiquan Wu Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering New York State College of CeramicsAlfred UniversityAlfredNY 14802USA

Recent studies have shown that many challenges encountered in conventional single crystal growth methods, including high production costs, can be overcome by using the solid-state single-crystal growth(SSCG) approach, which has been recognized as a simple and cost-effective alternative for obtaining single crystals. In this work, YAlO(YAG) and Nd-doped YAG(Nd:YAG) single crystals were grown via the SSCG method using spark plasma sintering(SPS). The growth of single crystals was initiated at the surface of(110) YAG single-crystal seeds embedded inside YAG and Nd:YAG powder beds, and this growth continued as the surrounding polycrystalline matrix was converted into a single crystal. The application of external pressure during the SPS process has been found beneficial for reducing the porosity of the grown single crystals. Moreover, high Nddoping levels had a positive effect on the conversion kinetics,with a growth rate of almost 50 μm/h, which increased the driving force for single-crystal growth through the solute drag effect. EDS elemental mapping and line scans confirmed the compositional uniformity of the grown single crystals, while EBSD images verified their crystallization in the(110) direction. The obtained results confirm the strong potential of the SSCG technique coupled with SPS for the growth of undoped and highly doped YAG single crystals with excellent quality.

关键词： Single-crystal growth Solid-state growth spark plasma sintering YAG

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Parametric study of spark plasma sintering of Al_(20)Cr_(20)Fe_(25)Ni_(25)Mn_(10) high entropy alloy with improved microhardness and corrosion

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2022年第1期29卷 119-127页

作者： Andries Mthisi Nicholus Malatji A.Patricia I.Popoola L.Rudolf Kanyane Department of Chemical Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringTshwane University of TechnologyP.M.B.X680PretoriaSouth Africa

Multicomponent Al_(20)Cr_(20)Fe_(25)Ni_(25)Mn_(10) alloys were synthesized using spark plasma sintering at different temperatures(800,900,and 1000℃)and holding times(4,8,and 12 min)to develop a high entropy alloy(HEA).The characteristics of spark plasma-synthesized(SPSed)alloys were experimentally explored through investigation of microstructures,microhardness,and corrosion using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),Vickers microhardness tester,and potentiodynamic polarization,*** diffraction(XRD)characterization was employed to identify the phases formed on the developed *** EDS results revealed that the alloys consisted of elements selected in this work irrespective of varying sintering *** XRD,EDS,and scanning electron microscopy collectively provided evidence that the fabricated alloys were characterized by globular microstructures exhibiting face-centered cubic phase,which was formed on a basis of solid solution *** finding implies that the SPSed alloy showed the features of *** alloy produced at 1000℃ and holding time of 12 min portrayed an optimal microhardness of HV 447.97,but the value decreased to HV 329.47 after heat *** same alloy showed an outstanding corrosion resistance *** increase in temperature resulted in an Al_(20)Cr_(20)Fe_(25)Ni_(25)Mn_(10) alloy with superior density,microhardness,and corrosion resistance over the other alloys developed at different parameters.

关键词： high entropy alloy spark plasma sintering microhardness corrosion

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sintering of WC-Co powder with nanocrystalline WC by spark plasma sintering

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Rare Metals 2006年第3期25卷 246-252页

作者： WANG Xingqing XIE Yingfang GUO Hailiang O.Van der Biest J.Vleugels School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200072 China Materials Engineering Faculty of Engineering Katholikeke Universiteit Leuven Leuven 3000 Belgium

A 92WC-8Co powder mixture with 33 nm WC grains was prepared by strengthening ball milling and was then sintered by spark plasma sintering （SPS） at 1000-1200℃ for 5-18 rain under 10-25 kN, respectively. Movement of the position of low punch shown shrinkage of the sintered body began above 800℃. The shrinkage slowly rose as the temperature rose from 800 to 1000℃ and then quickly rose at above 1000℃ and then gradually rose at above 1150℃. The densities of the samples increased with an increase in sintering temperature, rapidly below 1100℃, and then gradually above 1100℃. WC grains grow gradually with increasing sintering temperature. The powder was sintered to near full density at 1100℃ for 5 rain under 10 kN. The best result of the sample with 275 nm WC grains and no pores was obtained at 1150℃ under 10 kN for 5 rain. The research found the graphite die had a function of carburization, which could compensate the sintered body for the lack of carbon, and had the normal microstructure.

关键词： nanocrystalline cemented carbide spark plasma sintering low temperature sintering strengthening ball milling

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