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Brominated dioxins and furans in a cement kiln co-processing municipal solid waste

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第5期31卷 339-345页

作者： Lili Yang Yuyang Zhao Miwei Shi Minghui Zheng Yang Xu Cui Li Yuanping Yang Linjun Qin Guorui Liu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hebei Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information Application Institute of Geographical Sciences Hebei Academy of Sciences

A field study and theoretical calculations were performed to clarify the levels, profiles, and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PBDD/Fs) in a cement kiln co-processing solid waste, with a focus on the PBDF formation mechanism.The raw materials contributed greatly to input of PBDD/Fs into the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the raw materials were much higher than those in particle samples from different process stages in the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the clinkers were1.40% of the concentrations in the raw materials, which indicated that the high destruction efficiencies for PBDD/Fs by cement kiln. PBDD/F distribution patterns in particle samples collected from different process stages indicated the cement kiln backend was a major site for PBDD/F formation. PBDFs with high levels of halogenation, such as heptabrominated furans(Hp BDF), were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations and accounted for 42%–73% of the total PBDD/F concentrations in the particle samples. Our results showed that co-processing of municipal solid waste in a cement kiln may influence the congener profile of PBDD/Fs, especially for the higher halogenated PBDD fraction. In addition, there were significant correlations between the decabromodiphenyl ether and heptabrominated furan concentrations, which is an indicator of transformation from polybrominated diphenyl ethers to PBDD/Fs. Theoretical calculations were performed and demonstrated that elimination of HBr and Br_2 from polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the dominant formation pathways for PBDD/Fs. These pathways differed from that for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs).

关键词： Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran(PBDD/F) Cement kiln Municipal solid waste Dioxin Formation mechanism

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Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第8期31卷 47-56页

作者： Yang Li Hua Zhang Liming Shao Xiaoli Zhou Pinjing He State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji University Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing Urban-Rural Development

Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration Soils Heavy metals Source identification Pb isotope ratios

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Elastic Modulus,Hardness,and Fracture Toughness of Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12) solid Electrolyte

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Chinese Physics Letters 2021年第9期38卷 108-116页

作者： Shan Hu Pengyu Xu Luize Scalco de Vasconcelos Lia Stanciu Hongwei Ni Kejie Zhao State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430081China School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA School of Materials Engineering Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana 47907USA

Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO) is a promising inorganic solid electrolyte due to its high Li+conductivity and electrochemical stability for all-solid-state batteries.Mechanical characterization of LLZTO is limited by the synthesis of the condensed phase.Here we systematically measure the elastic modules,hardness,and fracture toughness of LLZTO poly crystalline pellets of different densities using the customized environmental nanoindentation.The LLZTO samples are sintered using the hot-pressing method with different amounts of Li2CO3 additives,resulting in the relative density of the pellets varying from 83% to 98% and the largest grain size of 13.21 ± 5.22 μm.The mechanical properties show a monotonic increase as the sintered sample densifies,elastic modulus and hardness reach 158.47± 10.10 GPa and 11.27± 1.38 GPa,respectively,for LLZTO of 98% density.Similarly,fracture toughness increases from 0.44 to 1.51 MPa·m^(1/2),showing a transition from the intergranular to transgranular fracture behavior as the pellet density increases.The ionic conductivity reaches 4.54 × 10^(-4 )S/cm in the condensed LLZTO which enables a stable Li plating/stripping in a symmetric solid-state cell for over 100 cycles.This study puts forward a quantitative study of the mechanical behavior of LLZTO of different microstructures that is relevant to the mechanical stability and electrochemical performance of all-solid-state batteries.

关键词： toughness Elastic solid

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Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第4期31卷 13-28页

作者： Peng Lu Qunxing Huang A.C.(Thanos) Bourtsalas Nickolas J.Themelis Yong Chi Jianhua Yan State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Earth Engineering Center Columbia University

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.

关键词： Chlorine solid wastes Thermal processing Emission Controlling methods

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Hydrolysis of mechanically pre-treated cellulose catalyzed by solid acid SO4^2--TiO2 in water–ethanol solvent

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020年第1期28卷 136-142页

作者： Xingyilong Zhang Houfang Lu Kejing Wu Yingying Liu Changjun Liu Yingming Zhu Bin Liang Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610207China School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China

An efficient catalyst SO4^2--TiO2(ST) from industrial metatitanic acid has been successfully prepared to catalyze hydrolysis of ball-milling cellulose. The results show that the highest catalytic efficiency is obtained for ST calcined at 450 ℃(ST-450) with the yield of 21.8% glucose, 13.0% 5-HMF and 4.2% furfural at 200 ℃ for30 min. The ball milling of cellulose and solid acid catalyst significantly enhances the cellulose hydrolysis. The high Lewis to Bronsted acid sites ratio for ST-450 induced by bidentate ligands between SO4^2-and TiO2 benefits high organics yield, and high total acid sites contribute to the high cellulose conversion. The large pore volume of 0.29 cm^3·g^-1 and appropriate pore size of 7.35 nm of ST-450 also contribute to the high performance. High reaction temperature over 200 ℃ exhibits negative effect on glucose and 5-HMF yield due to undesired side reactions, while furfural product is stable in the reaction system. The bidentate ligands between SO4^2-and TiO2 are considered as active acid sites for cellulose hydrolysis in water–ethanol solvents.

关键词： Cellulose Industrial metatitanic acid solid acid TiO2 Hydrolysis Ball milling

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A micropore array-based solid lift-off method for highly efficient and controllable cell alignment and spreading

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020年第1期6卷 517-529页

作者： Tingting Hun Yaoping Liu Yechang Guo Yan Sun Yubo Fan Wei Wang Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang University100191 BeijingChina Institute of Microelectronics Peking University100871 BeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences200050 ShanghaiChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University100083 BeijingChina National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication 100871 BeijingChina Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics Peking University100871 BeijingChina

Interpretation of cell–cell and cell-microenvironment interactions is critical for both advancing knowledge of basic biology and promoting applications of regenerative medicine.Cell patterning has been widely investigated in previous studies.However,the reported methods cannot simultaneously realize precise control of cell alignment and adhesion/spreading with a high efficiency at a high throughput.Here,a novel solid lift-off method with a micropore array as a shadow mask was proposed.Efficient and precise control of cell alignment and adhesion/spreading are simultaneously achieved via an ingeniously designed shadow mask,which contains large micropores(capture pores)in central areas and small micropores(spreading pores)in surrounding areas contributing to capture/alignment and adhesion/spreading control,respectively.The solid lift-off functions as follows:(1)protein micropattern generates through both the capture and spreading pores,(2)cell capture/alignment control is realized through the capture pores,and(3)cell adhesion/spreading is controlled through previously generated protein micropatterns after lift-off of the shadow mask.High-throughput(2.4–3.2×10^(4) cells/cm 2)cell alignments were achieved with high efficiencies(86.2±3.2%,56.7±9.4%and 51.1±4.0%for single-cell,double-cell,and triple-cell alignments,respectively).Precise control of cell spreading and applications for regulating cell skeletons and cell–cell junctions were investigated and verified using murine skeletal muscle myoblasts.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report to demonstrate highly efficient and controllable multicell alignment and adhesion/spreading simultaneously via a simple solid lift-off operation.This study successfully fills a gap in literatures and promotes the effective and reproducible application of cell patterning in the fields of both basic mechanism studies and applied medicine.

关键词： alignment pores solid

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PIM-1 as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase for stable lithium metal anode in high-performance batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第3期29卷 83-90页

作者： Qiuli Yang Wenli Li Chen Dong Yuyan Ma Yuxin Yin Qibing Wu Zhitao Xu Wei Ma Cheng Fan Kening Sun Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources Guizhou Meiling Power Sources Co.Ltd.Zunyi 563003GuizhouChina

Lithium metal anode is a promising electrode with high theoretical specific capacity and low electrode potential.However,its unstable interface and low Coulombic efficiency,resulting from the dendritic growth of lithium,limits its commercial application.PIM-1(PIM:polymer of intrinsic microporosity),which is a polymer with abundant micropores,exhibits high rigidity and flexibility with contorted spirocenters in the backbone,and is an ideal candidate for artificial solid electrolyte interphases(SEI).In this work,a PIM-1 membrane was synthesized and fabricated as a protective membrane on the surface of an electrode to facilitate the uniform flux of Li ions and act as a stable interface for the lithium plating/stripping process.Nodule-like lithium with rounded edges was observed under the PIM-1 membrane.The Li@PIM-1 electrode delivered a high average Coulombic efficiency(99.7%),excellent cyclability(80%capacity retention rate after 600 cycles at 1 C),and superior rate capability(125.3 m Ah g-1 at 10 C).Electrochemical impedance spectrum(EIS)showed that the PIM-1 membrane could lower the diffusion rate of Li+significantly and change the rate-determining step from charge transfer to Li+diffusion.Thus,the PIM-1 membrane is proven to act as an artificial SEI to facilitate uniform and stable deposition of lithium,in favor of obtaining a compact and dense Li-plating pattern.This work extends the application of PIMs in the field of lithium batteries and provides ideas for the construction of artificial SEI.

关键词： Lithium metal anodes Artificial solid electrolyte interphase PIM-1 Diffusion-limited

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Extended tacrolimus release via the combination of lipid-based solid dispersion and HPMC hydrogel matrix tablets

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019年第4期14卷 445-454页

作者： Hui Xu Li Liu Xuehui Li Junyuan Ma Rui Liu Shaoning Wang School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi 117004China School of Pharmaceutical Engineering Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityBenxi 117004China

The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining extended release of tacrolimus by a novel combination of lipid-based solid dispersion and matrix-type extended release tablet techniques. Tacrolimus solid dispersion was prepared using glycerylbehenate(Compritol~?ATO888) and Pluronic F127 as the carrier materials with hot-melt method, which was then blended with hydrogel matrix materials, such as HPMC and lactose, the powders were directly compressed into tablets. In vitro drug release tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the solid dispersions and the tablets. The dissolution rate of tacrolimus was significantly improved by the lipid-based solid dispersion, and the incorporation of HPC into the solid dispersion obviously improved its stability after storage. Extended release tablets loaded with tacrolimus solid dispersion showed prolonged drug release patterns over 24 h, the release patterns of the tablets can be tailored by the compositions of the matrix materials, including the types and content of HPMCs. A modified processing method that directly mixed the melted solid dispersion with HPMC powders improved the uniformity of the solid dispersion inside the tablet matrix and release profile. The release data of the extended release tablet fitted well to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with n value of 0.85, which suggested diffusion-and erosion-controlled release mechanism. The combination of lipid-based solid dispersion and HPMC hydrogel matrix may find wide applications in the extended release dosage forms of high potent, water-insoluble drugs.

关键词： Tacrolimus solid dispersion Lipid Extended-release tablet

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Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in solid tumors: a war against the tumor microenvironment

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2020年第2期63卷 180-205页

作者： Zijun Zhao Xiaoyun Xiao Phei Er Saw Wei Wu Hongyan Huang Jiewen Chen Yan Nie Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Sun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120China Breast Tumor Center Sun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120China Department of Ultrasound Sun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510120China

Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR) T cell is a novel approach, which utilizes anti-tumor immunity for cancer treatment. As compared to the traditional cell-mediated immunity, CAR-T possesses the improved specificity of tumor antigens and independent cytotoxicity from major histocompatibility complex molecules through a monoclonal antibody in addition to the Tcell receptor. CAR-T cell has proven its effectiveness, primarily in hematological malignancies, specifically where the CD19 CAR-T cells were used to treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell lymphomas. Nevertheless, there is little progress in the treatment of solid tumors despite the fact that many CAR agents have been created to target tumor antigens such as CEA,EGFR/EGFRvIII, GD2, HER2, MSLN, MUC1, and other antigens. The main obstruction against the progress of research in solid tumors is the tumor microenvironment, in which several elements, such as poor locating ability, immunosuppressive cells,cytokines, chemokines, immunosuppressive checkpoints, inhibitory metabolic factors, tumor antigen loss, and antigen heterogeneity, could affect the potency of CAR-T cells. To overcome these hurdles, researchers have reconstructed the CAR-T cells in various ways. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current research in this field, analyze the mechanisms of the major barriers mentioned above, outline the main solutions, and discuss the outlook of this novel immunotherapeutic modality.

关键词： chimeric antigen T cell solid tumor tumor microenvironment

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Investigating the molecular dissolution process of binary solid dispersions by molecular dynamics simulations

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018年第3期13卷 248-254页

作者： TengIan Chan Defang Ouyang State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences University of Macao

Dissolution molecular mechanism of solid dispersions still remains unclear despite thousands of reports about this technique. The aim of current research was to investigate the molecular dissolution mechanism of solid dispersions by molecular dynamics simulations. The formation of ibuprofen/polymer solid dispersions was modeled by the simulated annealing method. After that, the models of solid dispersions were immersed into the water box with 25–30 ? thicknesses and 50–100 ns MD simulations were performed to all systems.Simulation results showed various dissolution behaviors in different particle sizes and various polymers of solid dispersions. Small-sized particles of solid dispersions dissolved quickly in the water, while the large particles of PEG or PVP-containing solid dispersions gradually swelled in the dissolution process and drug molecules may aggregate together. In the dissolution process, the carboxylic groups of ibuprofen molecules turned its direction from polymer molecules to external water box and then the drug molecules left the polymer coils.At the same time, polymer coils gradually relaxed and became free polymer chains in the solution. In addition, solid dispersion with poloxamer could prevent the precipitate of drug molecules in the dissolution process, which is different from those of PEG or PVPcontaining systems. This research provided us clear images of dissolution process of solid dispersions at the molecular level.

关键词： solid dispersion Molecular modeling Dissolution process Ibuprofen

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