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Defects and failure types of solid insulation in gas‐insulated switchgear:In situ study and case analysis

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High Voltage 2022年第1期7卷 158-164页

作者： Yunqi Xing Zhiwen Wang Lin Liu Yuan Xu Yang Yang Shan Liu Fusheng Zhou Shun He Chuanyang Li State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Hebei University of TechnologyTianjinChina Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province Hebei University of TechnologyTianjinChina School of Electric Power South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina High Voltage Institute China Electric Power Research InstituteBeijingChina Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA HVDC Transmission Technology Department Globe Energy Interconnection Research InstituteBeijingChina Electric Power Research Institute China Southern Power GridGuangzhouChina High Voltage Institute Yunnan Institute of Electrical ScienceYunnanChina Institute of Material Science University of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA

The gas‐insulated switchgear(GIS)has been widely used in modern ultra‐high voltage systems.However,once it fails,its fully enclosed feature brings challenges in its diagnosis and maintenance.As the failure rate of GIS due to insulator failure has been increasing in recent years,it is necessary and important to understand the commonly existing defects presented in the insulator.First,the manufacturing process of GIS insulators is intro-duced here.The defect types commonly existing in the insulator are categorised.The failure of GIS due to insulator defects that occurred in recent years are reviewed and discussed.The content in this study is useful for engineers and scientists to study on the GIS solid insulation defects and their failure mechanisms.

关键词： (GIS) insulation solid

Stabilized cathode/sulfide solid electrolyte interface via Li_(2)ZrO_(3)coating for all-solid-state batteries

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Rare Metals 2022年第11期41卷 3639-3645页

作者： Chen Zhao Zi-Qiang Liu Wei Weng Ming Wu Xiao-Yan Yan Jing Yang Huan-Ming Lu Xia-Yin Yao School of Materials Scienceand Engineering Taiyuan Universityof Scienceand TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China

High-capacity LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM)cathode is essential for realizing high energy density all-solid-state lithium batteries.However,the space charge layer effect between NCM cathode and the commonly used sulfide solid electrolyte results in deterioration of the battery performance.In this work,a 10-nm electrochemical stable Li_(2)ZrO_(3)(LZO)layer was in situ coated on the surface of NCM particles through facile wet chemical method.

关键词： battery electrolyte solid

Engineering large-scaled electrochromic semiconductor films as reproductive SERS substrates for operando investigation at the solid/liquid interfaces

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2022年第12期33卷 5169-5173页

作者： Lingling Yang Jiuju Feng Jia-Ning Wang Zhida Gao Jingwen Xu Ye Mei Yan-Yan Song College of Sciences Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110004China State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy School of Physics and Electronic ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghai 200062China NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai Shanghai 200062China Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua 321004China

Although surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)has been applied for gathering fingerprint information,even in single molecule analysis,the decayed Raman signals in aqueous solutions largely obstruct the on-site insight reaction process.In this study,large-scaled semiconductor films with multi-walled(TiO_(2)/WO_(3)/TiO_(2))nanopore distribution are fabricated by combining electrochemical anodization and sputtering technique,and then employed as the SERS substrates for detection of molecules at the solid/liquid interfaces.Given the remarkably improved electrochromic property of the multi-walled film,such SERS substrates were endowed with tunable oxygen vacancy(VO)density and distribution via simply applying electrochemical bias voltage,which enabled one to achieve an enhanced charge transfer efficiency and thus a remarkably increased Raman signal even in solution.The VO-rich SERS substrate is highly repeatable,thus providing a reliable platform for in-situ monitoring of the target molecules or intermediates at the solid/liquid interfaces.

关键词： Charge transfer Electrochromism Oxygen vacancies SERS substrate solid liquid interface

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第4期31卷 13-28页

作者： Peng Lu Qunxing Huang A.C.(Thanos) Bourtsalas Nickolas J.Themelis Yong Chi Jianhua Yan State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Earth Engineering Center Columbia University

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.

关键词： Chlorine solid wastes Thermal processing Emission Controlling methods

Impact of municipal solid waste incineration on heavy metals in the surrounding soils by multivariate analysis and lead isotope analysis

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第8期31卷 47-56页

作者： Yang Li Hua Zhang Liming Shao Xiaoli Zhou Pinjing He State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Tongji University Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation Tongji University Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area Ministry of Housing Urban-Rural Development

Municipal solid waste(MSW) incineration has become an important anthropogenic source of heavy metals(HMs) to the environment. However, assessing the impact of MSW incineration on HMs in the environment, especially soils, can be a challenging task because of various HM sources. To investigate the effect of MSW incineration on HMs in soils, soil samples collected at different distances from four MSW incinerators in Shanghai, China were analyzed for their contents of eight HMs(antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper,lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc) and lead(Pb) isotope ratios. Source identification and apportionment of HMs were accomplished using principal component analysis and Pb isotope analysis. Results indicated that the relatively high contents of cadmium, lead,antimony, and zinc in the soils at 250 m and 750–1250 m away from the MSW incinerators were related to MSW incineration, while the elevated contents of the other four HMs were associated with other anthropogenic activities. Based on Pb isotope analysis, the contribution ratio of MSW incineration(which had been operated for more than 14 years)to the accumulation of Pb in soil was approximately 10% on average, which was lower than coal combustion only. Incinerator emissions of Pb could have a measurable effect on the soil contamination within a limited area(≤1500 m).

关键词： Municipal solid waste incineration Soils Heavy metals Source identification Pb isotope ratios

A micropore array-based solid lift-off method for highly efficient and controllable cell alignment and spreading

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020年第1期6卷 517-529页

作者： Tingting Hun Yaoping Liu Yechang Guo Yan Sun Yubo Fan Wei Wang Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang University100191 BeijingChina Institute of Microelectronics Peking University100871 BeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences200050 ShanghaiChina Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University100083 BeijingChina National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication 100871 BeijingChina Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics Peking University100871 BeijingChina

Interpretation of cell–cell and cell-microenvironment interactions is critical for both advancing knowledge of basic biology and promoting applications of regenerative medicine.Cell patterning has been widely investigated in previous studies.However,the reported methods cannot simultaneously realize precise control of cell alignment and adhesion/spreading with a high efficiency at a high throughput.Here,a novel solid lift-off method with a micropore array as a shadow mask was proposed.Efficient and precise control of cell alignment and adhesion/spreading are simultaneously achieved via an ingeniously designed shadow mask,which contains large micropores(capture pores)in central areas and small micropores(spreading pores)in surrounding areas contributing to capture/alignment and adhesion/spreading control,respectively.The solid lift-off functions as follows:(1)protein micropattern generates through both the capture and spreading pores,(2)cell capture/alignment control is realized through the capture pores,and(3)cell adhesion/spreading is controlled through previously generated protein micropatterns after lift-off of the shadow mask.High-throughput(2.4–3.2×10^(4) cells/cm 2)cell alignments were achieved with high efficiencies(86.2±3.2%,56.7±9.4%and 51.1±4.0%for single-cell,double-cell,and triple-cell alignments,respectively).Precise control of cell spreading and applications for regulating cell skeletons and cell–cell junctions were investigated and verified using murine skeletal muscle myoblasts.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report to demonstrate highly efficient and controllable multicell alignment and adhesion/spreading simultaneously via a simple solid lift-off operation.This study successfully fills a gap in literatures and promotes the effective and reproducible application of cell patterning in the fields of both basic mechanism studies and applied medicine.

关键词： alignment pores solid

Brominated dioxins and furans in a cement kiln co-processing municipal solid waste

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第5期31卷 339-345页

作者： Lili Yang Yuyang Zhao Miwei Shi Minghui Zheng Yang Xu Cui Li Yuanping Yang Linjun Qin Guorui Liu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hebei Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information Application Institute of Geographical Sciences Hebei Academy of Sciences

A field study and theoretical calculations were performed to clarify the levels, profiles, and distributions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PBDD/Fs) in a cement kiln co-processing solid waste, with a focus on the PBDF formation mechanism.The raw materials contributed greatly to input of PBDD/Fs into the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the raw materials were much higher than those in particle samples from different process stages in the cement kiln. The PBDD/F concentrations in the clinkers were1.40% of the concentrations in the raw materials, which indicated that the high destruction efficiencies for PBDD/Fs by cement kiln. PBDD/F distribution patterns in particle samples collected from different process stages indicated the cement kiln backend was a major site for PBDD/F formation. PBDFs with high levels of halogenation, such as heptabrominated furans(Hp BDF), were the dominant contributors to the total PBDD/F concentrations and accounted for 42%–73% of the total PBDD/F concentrations in the particle samples. Our results showed that co-processing of municipal solid waste in a cement kiln may influence the congener profile of PBDD/Fs, especially for the higher halogenated PBDD fraction. In addition, there were significant correlations between the decabromodiphenyl ether and heptabrominated furan concentrations, which is an indicator of transformation from polybrominated diphenyl ethers to PBDD/Fs. Theoretical calculations were performed and demonstrated that elimination of HBr and Br_2 from polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the dominant formation pathways for PBDD/Fs. These pathways differed from that for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs).

关键词： Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran(PBDD/F) Cement kiln Municipal solid waste Dioxin Formation mechanism

Precipitation mechanism and microstructural evolution of Al2O3/ZrO2(CeO2) solid solution powders consolidated by spark plasma sintering

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2020年第6期41卷 149-158页

作者： Wanjun Yu Yongting Zheng Yongdong Yu National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments and Center for Composite Materials and Structures Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150080China

It is difficult to synthesize Al2O3/ZrO2 solid solution because of its low solubility under equilibrium solidification conditions.In this work,a new combustion synthesis combined with water atomization(CS-WA)method was developed to prepare supersaturated Al2O3/ZrO2(CeO2)solid solution powders.The ultrahigh cooling rate supplied by CS-WA greatly extends solid solubility of Al2O3 in ZrO2.The precipitation mechanism of solid solution was investigated by systematic heat treatments.The initial temperature of the metastable phase decomposed into Al2O3 and ZrO2 is 1050℃,and it could be completely precipitated at 1400℃in 0.5 h.The precipitated ZrO2 particles were uniformly dispersed in Al2O3 matrix and grew into submicron scale at annealing temperature of 1450℃.Subsequently,together with detailed microstructure,phase composition,as well as mechanical properties were collaboratively outlined to discuss spark plasma sintering(SPS)behavior.The solid solution precipitated Al2O3 matrix and ZrO2 particles during the SPS process.Partial ZrO2 particles were uniformly distributed within Al2O3 matrix,while the residuary ZrO2 located at the grain boundaries and formed special transgranular/intergranular structure.The average size of nanoscale transgranular ZrO2 particles was only^11.5 nm.The compact ZrO2 toughened Al2O3 nano ceramic(N-ZTA)exhibits excellent mechanical properties.This work provides a guidance to produce nanostructured ZTA with high performance.

关键词： solid solution Precipitation Spark plasma sintering ZTA Transgranular/intergranular structure

The variation of microstructures,spectral characteristics and catalysis effects of Fe^3+ and Zn^2+ co-doped CeO2 solid solutions

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Journal of Rare Earths 2020年第3期38卷 241-249页

作者： Guofang Zhang Yiming Li Xin Zhao Jianyi Xu Yanghuan Zhang School of Material and Metallurgy Inner Mongolia University of Science and TechnologyBaotou 014010China

Fe^3+and Zn^2+ions were doped into the lattice of CeO2 via the hydrothermal method.The micro structure and spectra features were analyzed systemically.XRD results show that the solid solubility of Fe^3+and Zn^2+ions in Ce1-x(Fe0.5Zn0.5)xO2 can be identified as x=0.16.The cell volumes are decreased by increasing the doped content.The TEM graphs prove that the grain size of the sample is about 10 nm,and the EDS result indicates that the doped contents are in accordance with that of the theory concentrations.Meanwhile,the doping also causes the increasing concentrations of the defects and oxygen vacancies which are supported by the XPS,Raman,UV and PL characterizations.The samples exhibit better catalytic activities for improving the hydrogen storage properties and the electrochemical kinetics of the ball milled Mg2Ni based composites.Further,the catalysis effects are improved by increasing the doped contents,which can be ascribed to the increasing contents of the oxygen vacancies,defects,the special electron transition states and the nature of the doped ions in CeO2-based solid solutions.

关键词： Ce1-x(Fe0.5Zn0.5)xO2 solid solutions Hydrothermal method Hydrogen storage Catalysis Rare earths