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Communications and Network 2024年第2期16卷 31-50页

作者： Amer Nizar AbuAli College of Computer Science and Engineering Taibah University Medina Saudi Arabia

social distancing among people is vital in minimizing spread of COVID-19 within community and can be effective in flattening the outbreak. This research work focuses on developing a close contact proximity detection system among smartphone users, particularly of COVID-19 patient, using Bluetooth signal to identify and analyze close contact proximity and social distancing from other anonymous smartphone users in their surroundings. Covering a physical space of six feet, a mandatory safety measure in shopping centers, schools, and other crowded areas, is a social solution advocated by World Health Organization (WHO) officials in this COVID-19. Everyone is concerned about their safety in the COVID-19 environment, so we came up with the concept of producing this new equipment. Most of the time, our attention is drawn to those in front of us and to our sides, but we are unable to keep track of those behind us. The major goal of this project is to keep individuals at a safe distance from one another. PIR sensor is used in this proposed work. Why did the World Health Organization (WHO) put 6 feet as a social distancing? When someone coughs or sneezes, small droplets are spread from the cough or sneeze. If you are in close proximity, you can breathe in those droplets, which may contain the COVID-19 virus, according to the World Health Organization. Vanderbilt University infectious disease expert Dr. William Schaffner said the “6 feet distance” rule comes from studies of respiratory physiology. Schaffner explains that even “without a cough or sneeze, the exhaled air mixes with the surrounding air within a distance of 3 to 6 feet, which is known as the breathing zone.” Schaffner continues: “If you are standing 3 to 6 feet away from me, you may inhale droplets that spread through coughing or sneezing. Of course, if I am infected with the virus, these droplets will contain the virus.”

关键词： social distancing COVID-19 Pandemic

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Clustering Indoor Location Data for social distancing and Human Mobility to Combat COVID-19

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第4期71卷 907-924页

作者： Yuan Ai Ho Chee Keong Tan Yin Hoe Ng School of Information Technology Monash University MalaysiaJalan Lagoon SelatanBandar Sunway47500Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia Faculty of Engineering Multimedia UniversityPersiaran MultimediaCyberjaya63100Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia

The world is experiencing the unprecedented time of a pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease(i.e.,COVID-19).As a countermeasure,contact tracing and social distancing are essential to prevent the transmission of the virus,which can be achieved using indoor location *** on the indoor location analytics,the human mobility on a site can be monitored and planned to minimize human’s contact and enforce social distancing to contain the transmission of *** the indoor location data,the clustering can be applied to cluster spatial data,spatio-temporal data and movement behavior features for proximity detection or contact tracing *** specifically,we propose the Coherent Moving Cluster(CMC)algorithm for contact tracing,the density-based clustering(DBScan)algorithm for identification of hotspots and the trajectory clustering(TRACLUS)algorithm for clustering indoor *** feature extraction mechanism is then developed to extract useful and valuable features that can assist the proposed system to construct the network of users based on the similarity of the movement behaviors of the *** network of users is used to model an optimization problem to manage the human mobility on a *** objective function is formulated to minimize the probability of contact between the users and the optimization problem is solved using the proposed effective scheduling solution based on *** simulation results show that the proposed indoor location analytics system outperforms the existing clustering methods by about 30%in terms of accuracy of clustering *** adopting this system for human mobility management,the count of close contacts among the users within a confined area can be reduced by 80%in the scenario where all users are allowed to access the site.

关键词： Indoor location analytics COVID-19 contact tracing social distancing spatial-temporal dimensions human mobility

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Blockchain and IIoT Enabled Solution for social distancing and Isolation Management to Prevent Pandemics

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第7期76卷 687-709页

作者： Muhammad Saad Maaz Bin Ahmad Muhammad Asif Muhammad Khalid Khan Toqeer Mahmood Elsayed Tag Eldin Hala Abdel Hameed College of Computing and Information Sciences Karachi Institute of Economics&TechnologyKarachiPakistan Department of Computer Science Lahore Garrison UniversityLahorePakistan Department of Computer Science National Textile UniversityFaisalabad37610Pakistan Faculty of Engineering and Technology Future University in Egypt New Cairo11835Egypt Faculty of Computer and Information Systems Fayoum UniversityFaiyumEgypt Khaybar Applied College Taibah UniversityMedinaSaudi Arabia

Pandemics have always been a nightmare for humanity,especially in developing *** lockdowns are considered one of the effective ways to deal with spreading such ***,developing countries cannot afford such solutions because these may severely damage the country’s ***,this study presents the proactive technological mechanisms for business organizations to run their standard business processes during pandemic-like situations *** novelty of this study is to provide a state-of-the-art solution to prevent pandemics using industrial internet of things(IIoT)and blockchain-enabled *** to existing studies,the immutable and tamper-proof contact tracing and quarantine management solution is *** use of advanced technologies and information security is a critical area for practitioners in the internet of things(IoT)and corresponding ***,this study also emphasizes information security,end-to-end solution,and experimental ***,a wearable wristband is proposed,incorporating 4G-enabled ultra-wideband(UWB)technology for smart contact tracing mechanisms in industries to comply with standard operating procedures outlined by the world health organization(WHO).Secondly,distributed ledger technology(DLT)omits the centralized dependency for transmitting contact tracing ***,a privacy-preserving tracing mechanism is discussed using a public/private key cryptography-based authentication ***,based on geofencing techniques,blockchain-enabled machine-to-machine(M2M)technology is proposed for quarantine *** step-by-step methodology and test results are proposed to ensure contact tracing and quarantine *** existing research studies,the security aspect is also considered in the realm of *** practical implementation of the proposed solution also obtains the *** results indicate the successful implementation of blockchain-enabled contac

关键词： Blockchain contact tracing distributed ledger technology geo-fencing internet of things industrial internet of things isolation management social distancing ultra-wideband

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A Real-Time Pedestrian social distancing Risk Alert System for COVID-19

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第10期47卷 937-954页

作者： Zhihan Liu Xiang Li Siqi Liu Wei Li Xiangxu Meng Jing Jia College of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China Department of Clinical Laboratory Harbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiang150081China Faculty of Arts Design and ArchitectureSchool of Built EnvironmentThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia

The COVID-19 virus is usually spread by small droplets when talking,coughing and sneezing,so maintaining physical distance between people is necessary to slow the spread of the *** World Health Organization(WHO)recommends maintaining a social distance of at least six *** this paper,we developed a real-time pedestrian social distance risk alert system for COVID-19,whichmonitors the distance between people in real-time via video streaming and provides risk alerts to the person in charge,thus avoiding the problem of too close social distance between pedestrians in public *** design a lightweight convolutional neural network architecture to detect the distance between people more *** addition,due to the limitation of camera placement,the previous algorithm based on flat view is not applicable to the social distance calculation for cameras,so we designed and developed a perspective conversion module to reduce the image in the video to a bird’s eye view,which can avoid the error caused by the elevation view and thus provide accurate risk indication to the *** selected images containing only person labels in theCOCO2017 dataset to train our *** experimental results show that our network model achieves 82.3%detection accuracy and performs significantly better than other mainstream network architectures in the three metrics of Recall,Precision and mAP,proving the effectiveness of our system and the efficiency of our technology.

关键词： Convolutional neural network pedestrian detection social distancing COVID-19

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social distancing,Labor Market Outcomes,and Job Characteristics in the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2020年第4期15卷 478-520页

作者： Suqin Ge Yu Zhou Department of Economics Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVA 24061USA Jinan University-University of Birmingham Joint Institute Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 511443China

This study investigates the role of job characteristics on an individual’s decisions to follow social distancing policies,work,and apply for unemployment insurance in the United States during the COVID-19 *** use data that track millions of mobile devices and their daily movements across physical locations to measure whether the devices’owners leave their homes,or work part-time or fulltime on a given day,and we also collect data on weekly unemployment insurance *** find that the presence of jobs with a high work-ffom-home capacity in a region increases the ability of people to follow social distancing policies and decreases their unemployment risk,whereas the presence of jobs with high physical proximity decreases the incidences of following social distancing policies and unemployment and increases the incidence of work during the *** heterogeneous responses based on local job characteristics persist even conditional on a broad set of demographic and socioeconomic variables.

关键词： work-from-home physical proximity social distancing employment COVID-19

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Investigation of Coronavirus Deposition in Realistic Human Nasal Cavity and Impact of social distancing to Contain COVID-19:A Computational Fluid Dynamic Approach

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2020年第12期125卷 1185-1199页

作者： Mohammad Zuber John Valerian Corda Milad Ahmadi BSatish Shenoy Irfan Anjum Badruddin Ali E.Anqi Kamarul Arifin Ahmad S.M.Abdul Khader Leslie Lewis Mohammad Anas Khan Sarfaraz Kamangar Department of Aeronautical&Automobile Engineering Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal576104India Department of Mechanics of Solids Surfaces and SystemsFaculty of Engineering TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522The Netherlands Mechanical Engineering Department College of EngineeringKing Khalid UniversityAbha61421Saudi Arabia Department of Aerospace Engineering Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang43400Malaysia Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal576104India Department of Paediatrics Kasturba Medical College&HospitalManipal576104India Department of Mechanical Engineering Jamia Millia IslamiaDelhi110025India

The novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 has spread to several countries within a considerably short *** virus gets deposited in the human nasal cavity and moves to the lungs that might be *** per safety guidelines by theWorld Health Organization(WHO),social distancing has emerged as one of the major factors to avoid the spread of ***,different guidelines are being followed across the countries with regards to what should be the safe ***,the current work is an attempt to understand the virus deposition pattern in the realistic human nasal cavity and also to find the impact of distance that could be termed as a safety *** study is performed usingComputationalFluid Dynamics as a solution tool to investigate the impact of COVID-19 deposition(i)On a realistic 3D human upper airway model and(ii)2D social distancing protocol for a distance of 0.6,1.2,1.8,and 2.4 *** results revealed that the regional deposition flux within the nasal cavity was predominantly observed in the external nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal *** flushing of these regions with saltwater substitutes can limit contamination in healthy *** safe distancing limit estimated with 1 m/s airflow was about 1.8 *** extensive deposition was observed for distances less than 1.8 m in this study,emphasizing the fact that social distancing advisories are not useful and do not take into account the external dynamics associated with airflow.

关键词： COVID-19 upper respiratory tract virus deposition social distancing

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The Local Wisdom of Balala Tamakng Custom in social distancing During the Covid-19 Pandemic

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Journal of Sociology Study 2021年第3期11卷 112-121页

作者： Yohanes Bahari University of Tanjungpura PontianakIndonesia

This study aims to describe the local wisdom of balala tamakng custom in social distancing during the Covid-19 *** research approach used was descriptive qualitative with an ethnographic *** informants participated were Dayak customary *** data collection used was deep interview,and data were validated using sources triangulation,and were analyzed by data reduction,data display,and conclusion *** general conclusion of this research:Balala as a local wisdom in maintaining the balance between humans and the nature that has been passed down from generation to generation is still carried out *** specific conclusions of this study:(1)Balala is the custom of abstinence in the Kanayatn Dayak community;(2)balala consists of regular balala and balala tamakng;(3)balala tamakng has the meaning as a means of creating a balance between human relations and the universe;(4)there is no direct relationship between the custom of balala tamakng with social and physical distancing against Covid-19.

关键词： balala tamakng local wisdom social distancing

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An Intelligent Cluster Verification Model Using WSN to Avoid Close Proximity and Control Outbreak of Pandemic in a Massive Crowd

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2022年第11期133卷 327-350页

作者： Naeem Ahmed Nawaz Norah Saleh Alghamdi Hanen Karamti Mohammad Ayoub Khan Department of Computer Science Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah Al-Mukarmah24381Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Sciences College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh11671Saudi Arabia College of Computing and Information Technology University of BishaBisha67714Saudi Arabia

Assemblage at public places for religious or sports events has become an integral part of our *** gatherings pose a challenge at places where fast crowd verification with social distancing(SD)is required,especially during a ***,verification of crowds is carried out in the form of a queue that increases waiting time resulting in congestion,stampede,and the spread of *** article proposes a cluster verification model(CVM)using a wireless sensor network(WSN),single cluster approach(SCA),and split cluster approach(SpCA)to solve the aforementioned problem for pandemic *** show that SD,cluster approaches,and verification by WSN can overcome the management issues by optimizing the cluster size and verification ***,our proposed method minimizes the chances of spreading diseases and stampedes in large events such as a *** consider the assembly points in the annual pilgrimage to Makkah Al-Mukarmah and Umrah for verification using Contiki/Cooja *** compute results such as verified cluster members(CMs)to define cluster size,success rate to determine the best success rate,and verification time to determine the optimal verification time for various *** validate ourmodel by comparing the results of each approach with the existing *** results showthat the SpCAwith SD is the best approach with a 96% success rate and optimization of verification time as compared to SCA with SD and the existing model.

关键词： Cluster verification model wireless sensor network social distancing crowd single approach split approach

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Primary Contacts Identification for COVID-19 Carriers from Surveillance Videos

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第12期43卷 947-965页

作者： R.Haripriya G.Kousalya Department of Computer Science and Engineering Coimbatore Institute of TechnologyCoimbatore641014India

COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease of 2019) is caused by SARS-CoV2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) and it was first diagnosedin December 2019 in China. As of 25th Aug 2021, there are 165 million con-firmed COVID-19 positive cases and 4.4 million deaths globally. As of today,though there are approved COVID-19 vaccine candidates only 4 billion doseshave been administered. Until 100% of the population is safe, no one is safe. Eventhough these vaccines can provide protection against getting seriously ill anddying from the disease, it does not provide 100% protection from getting infectedand passing it on to others. The more the virus spreads;it has more opportunity tomutate. So, it is mandatory to follow all precautions like maintaining social distance, wearing mask, washing hands frequently irrespective of whether a person isvaccinated or not. To prevent spread of the virus, contact tracing based on socialdistance also becomes equally important. The work proposes a solution that canhelp with contact tracing/identification, knowing the infected persons recent travelhistory (even within the city) for few days before being assessed positive. Whilethe person would be able to give the known contacts with whom he/she has interacted with, he/she will not be aware of who all were in proximity if he/she hadbeen in public places. The proposed solution is to get the CCTV (Closed-CircuitTelevision) video clips from those public places for the specific date and time andidentify the people who were in proximity—i.e., not followed the safe distance tothe infected person. The approach uses YOLO V3 (You Only Look Once) whichuses darknet framework for people detection. Once the infected person is locatedfrom the video frames, the distance from that person to the other people in theframe is found, to check if there is a violation of social distance guideline. If thereis, then the people violating the distance are extracted and identified using Facialdetection and recognitio

关键词： COVID-19 social distancing object detection facial detection facial recognition contact tracing artificial intelligence

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Spread and control of COVID-19:A mathematical model

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2022年第3期13卷 121-148页

作者： O.P.Misra Omprakash Singh Sisodiya School of Mathematics and Allied Sciences Jiwaji University Gwalior 474011Madhya PradeshIndia

A mathematical model is proposed in this paper to study the transmission and control of *** mathematical model is formulated using system of nonlinear ordinary differential *** model includes disease-related parameters such as contact rate,disease-induced death rates,immigration rate and transition rates along with parameters for control measures such as implementation of social distancing practices,isolation and quarantine *** the stability analysis of the model,it is shown that if the social distancing is practiced by the large number of susceptible population,then the disease will not spread,and it may eventually die ***,it is derived from the analysis of the model that if most of the infected populations are isolated or quarantined,then the spread of the disease can be eventually ***,from the analysis of the model,it is observed that if there is constant immigration of asymptomatic infected persons,then the disease will continue to spread and will remain *** controlling the disease,two more parameters,that is,vaccination and testing rates,are introduced in the original mathematical model and from the numerical analysis of this model,it has been shown that the control strategy involving vaccination and testing in combination can have synergistic effect for minimizing the COVID-19 infected cases.

关键词： COVID-19 social distancing isolation quarantine immigration mathematical model

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