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Energy Budget over Seasonal Snow Surface at an Open Site and Beneath Forest Canopy Openness during the snowmelt period in Western Tianshan Mountains,China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第2期12卷 298-312页

作者： LU Heng WEI Wen-shou LIU Mingzhe HAN Xi HONG Wen Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Desert Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Tianshan Station for Snow & Avalanche Research

In this study, meteorological factors and snowmelt rate at an open site on sunny slope(OPS) and beneath forest canopy openness on shady slope(BFC) were measured using an automatic weather station and snow lysimeter during the snowmelt period in 2009, 2010 and 2013. The energy budget over snow surface was calculated according to these meteorological datasets. The analysis results indicated that the net shortwave radiation(K) and sensible heat flux(H) were energy sources, and the latent heat flux(LVE) was energy sinks of snow surfaces at all sites. The net longwave radiation(L) was energy sink at OPS and 80% BFC, but energy source at 20% BFC. The gain of K, H, and the loss of LVE at BFC were obviously lower than those at OPS. The L was the maximum difference of energy budget between snow surface at BFC and OPS. In warm and wet years, the most important factor of the energy budget variation at OPS was air humidity and the second mostimportant factor was air temperature. However, the ground surface temperature on the sunny slope was the most important factor for L and energy budget at BFC. With the increases in forest canopy openness and the slope of adjacent terrains, the influences of ground surface temperature on the sunny slope on L and the energy budget over snow surface at BFC increased, especially when the snow cover on the sunny slope melts completely.

关键词： Energy budget Seasonal snow snowmelt period Tianshan Mountains

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Variations of temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period and its effect on runoff in the mountainous areas of Northwest China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2013年第1期23卷 17-30页

作者： LI Baofu CHEN Yaning CHEN Zhongsheng LI Weihong ZHANG Baohuan State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography CAS Urumqi 830011 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera- ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe- riod 1960-2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857~C in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob- served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617~C, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in- creasing by 1.05~C. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%.

关键词： snowmelt period temperature precipitation runoff mountainous areas of Northwest China

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