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Assurance of the existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard(Panthera uncia)at Tsagaanshuvuut-Tsagan-Shibetu SPA at the Mongolia-Russia border

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Integrative Zoology 2020年第3期15卷 224-231页

作者： Andrey D.POYARKOV Bariushaa MUNKHTSOG Miroslav P.KORABLEV Alexander N.KUKSIN Dmitry Y.ALEXANDROV Maria D.CHISTOPOLOVA Jose Antonio HERNANDEZ-BLANCO Оchirjav MUNKHTOGTOKH Alexander S.KARNAUKHOV Namdag LKHAMSUREN Munkhtsog BAYARAA Rodney M.JACKSON Aishwarya MAHESHWARI Viatcheslav V.ROZHNOV A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of General and Experimental Biology Mongolian Academy of SciencesMongolia State Biosphere Reserve Ubsunur KotlovinaRussia WWF Mongolia Mongolia WWF Russia Russia State Biosphere Reserve Uvs NuurMongolia Irbis Mongolian center Mongolia Wildlife Institute College of Nature Conservation of the Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina snow leopard Conservancy USA Banda University of Agriculture and Technology BandaUttar PradeshIndia

The existence of a trans-boundary population of the snow leopard(Panthera uncia)that inhabits the massifs of Tsagaanshuvuut(Mongolia)-Tsagan-Shibetu(Russia)was determined through non-invasive genetic analysis of scat samples and by studying the structure of territory use by a collared female individual.The genetic analysis included species identification of samples through sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome b gene and individual identification using a panel of 8 microsatellites.The home range of a female snow leopard marked with a satellite Global Positioning System(GPS)collar was represented by the minimum convex polygon method(MCP)100,the MCP 95 method and the fixed kernel 95 method.The results revealed insignificant genetic differentiation between snow leopards that inhabit both massifs(minimal fixation index[FST]),and the data testify to the unity of the cross-border group.Moreover,5 common individuals were identified from Mongolian and Russian territories.This finding clearly shows that their home range includes territories of both countries.In addition,regular movement of a collared snow leopard in Mongolia and Russia confirmed the existence of a cross-border snow leopard group.These data support that trans-boundary conservation is important for snow leopards in both countries.We conclude that it is crucial for Russia to study the northern range of snow leopards in Asia.

关键词： FST home range Panthera uncia snow leopard trans-boundary population

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Assessment of habitat suitability of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve based on MaxEnt modeling

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Zoological Research 2018年第6期39卷 373-386页

作者： De-Feng Bai Peng-Ju Chen Luciano Atzeni Lhaba Cering Qian Li Kun Shi Wildfife Institute School of Nature Conservation Beiiing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China Everest snow leopard Conservation Center Rikaze Xizang 857000 China Qomolangma National Nature Reserve Administration Rikaze Xizang 857000 China Eco-Bridge Continental Beijing 100085 China

Habitat evaluation constitutes an important and fundamental step in the management of wildlife populations and conservation policy planning. Geographic information system （GIS） and species presence data provide the means by which such evaluation can be done. Maximum Entropy （MaxEnt） is widely used in habitat suitability modeling due to its power of accuracy and additional descriptive properties To survey snow leopard populations in Qomolangma （Mt. Everest） National Nature Reserve （QNNR）, Xizang （Tibet）, China, we pooled 127 pugmarks, 415 scrape marks, and 127 non-invasive identifications of the animal along line transects and recorded 87 occurrences through camera traps from 2014-2017. We adopted the MaxEnt model to generate a map highlighting the extent of suitable snow leopard habitat in QNNR. Results showed that the accuracy of the MaxEnt model was excellent （mean AUC=0.921）. Precipitation in the driest quarter, ruggedness, elevation, maximum temperature of the warmest month, and annual mean temperature were the main environmental factors influencing habitat suitability for snow leopards, with contribution rates of 20.0%, 14.4%, 13.3%, 8.7%, and 8.2% respectively The suitable habitat area extended for 7 001.93 km^2, representing 22.72% of the whole reserve. The regions bordering Nepal were the main suitable snow leopard habitats and consisted of three separate habitat patches Our findings revealed that precipitation, temperature conditions, ruggedness, and elevations of around 4 000 m a.s.I, influenced snow leopard preferences at the landscape level in QNNR. We advocate further research and cooperation with Nepal to evaluate habitat connectivity and to explore possible proxies of population isolation among these patches. Furthermore, evaluation of subdivisions within the protection zones of QNNR is necessary to improve conservation strategies and enhance protection.

关键词： Qomolangma National Nature Reserve snow leopard MaxEnt Habitat suitability assessment Tibet

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Spatial density estimate of the snow leopard, Panthera uncia, in the Central Tibetan Plateau, China

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第4期18卷 677-687页

作者： Xiaoxing BIAN Xuchang LIANG Byron WECKWORTH Dorje JYAL Vanessa HULL Le YANG School of Natural Resources and Environment University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA Wildlife Conservation Society China BeijingChina Panthera New YorkUSA Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology LhasaChina

Knowledge of large carnivore population abundance is essential for wildlife management and conservation,but these data are often difﬁcult to obtain in inherently low-density species.In particular,the snow leopard,Panthera uncia,an enigmatic cat occupying remote mountains in Central Asia,has received insufﬁcient assessments of its population abundance because of logistical and methodological challenges.Here,we aimed to develop a robust density estimation of snow leopards based on 81 days of camera trapping within a contiguous and previously un-surveyed 1950 km2 area of habitat on the Tibetan Plateau(Mayue Township,Shenzha County,Tibet Autonomous Region,China).By applying spatially explicit capture–recapture models,we produced an estimate of 1.40(95%CI:1.06–1.84)individuals per 100 km2.Results also suggested sex-speciﬁc variation in the range of movement around activity centers,with male(N=10,σ=4.02)movement considerably greater than female(N=8,σ=1.84)move-ment.Theﬁndings can serve as a reliable baseline reference for assessing the population trends of this endangered felid species with future estimates.This study will provide context to contribute toward a better understanding of ecological factors shaping the distribution and abundance of snow leopards and the related conservation measures needed to sustain their long-term survival on the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： population density snow leopard spatial capture–recapture Tibetan Plateau

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王者之争 Windows 7 & snow leopard在MacBook上的对决

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移动信息 2009年第3期 73-77页

作者： NF-Jinjing 移动信息图库

在经历市场对Vista的萎靡反映后,微软(Microsoft)终于决定洗心革面,重新开始以用户的角度开发操作系统。而Mac OS X这一被苹果(Apple)自称是现今世界上最先进的操作系统,也没有放缓前进的脚步。面对苹果的步步进逼,从来都在对手阵营打... 详细信息

在经历市场对Vista的萎靡反映后,微软(Microsoft)终于决定洗心革面,重新开始以用户的角度开发操作系统。而Mac OS X这一被苹果(Apple)自称是现今世界上最先进的操作系统,也没有放缓前进的脚步。面对苹果的步步进逼,从来都在对手阵营打胜仗的微软该如何面对苹果在自家本土的挑战呢?此次,MI特意将两个最新操作系统的Beta版分别安装在MacBook的两个不同分区内,带领各位米饭提进前入未来战场,体会一下这一王者之争。

关键词： MacBook snow leopard Windows 7 聊天软件用户界面操作系统预览版

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Blue sheep in the Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal:habitat use,population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第1期9卷 34-45页

作者： Achyut ARYAL Dianne BRUNTON Weihong JI David RAUBENHEIMER Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Massey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand Fauna and Flora Conservation Nepal KathmanduNepal Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Science and School of Biological Sciences The University of SydneySydneyAustralia.

The Himalaya region of Nepal provides a habitat for the endangered snow leopard(Panthera uncia)and its principal prey species,the blue sheep(Pseudois nayaur).The aim of this study was to describe the habitat,the distribution and the population structure of blue sheep,and to estimate their contribution to the carrying capac-ity of snow leopard in the upper Mustang region of Nepal.Blue sheep were recorded at altitudes from 3209-5498 m on slopes with gradients of 16-60°and aspects of 40°NE to 140°SE.A total of 939 blue sheep were counted in the upper Mustang region,and 98 were counted in the Yak Kharka region of Manang district;how-ever,upper Mustang had the lowest population density of blue sheep recorded within their distribution range in Nepal(0.86 blue sheep/km^(2)).The results of the study show that a higher density of blue sheep is associated with greater plant species diversity.The most important species present in the blue sheep habitat were Kobresia pyg-maea,Artemesia spp.,Lonicera spp.,Lancea tibetica,Poa spp.,Astragalus spp.and Ephedra gerardiana.It is estimated that the existing blue sheep population biomass of approximately 38925 kg in the upper Mustang re-gion could support approximately 19 snow leopards(1.6 snow leopards/100 km^(2)).

关键词： blue sheep carrying capacity habitat use population density snow leopard

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Landscape relations to eco-environmental dynamics of the Sanjiangyuan Journal of Geographical Sciences Editorial

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2013年第5期23卷 771-774页

作者： Gary BRIERLEY HUANG Heqing School of Environment University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China

The Sanjiangyuan is a very special place. Its distinctive geography, ecology and history im- bue a suite of unique, irreplaceable values, in biophysical, socio-cultural and economic terms. Because of its high species richness and abundance of endemic species, this area, along with Southeast China and the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot,

关键词： snow leopard Alpine Wetland Blue Sheep Landscape Form Yellow River Source

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Winter habitat use of snow leopards in Tomur National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang,Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2012年第2期4卷 191-195页

作者： Feng XU Ming MA WeiKang YANG David BLANK YiQun WU Thomas MCCARTHY Bariusha MUNKHTSOG Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China Department of Environment and Life Sciences Weinan Teachers University Weinan 714000 China International snow leopard Trust Seattle WA 98103 USA Institute of Biology Mongolian Academy of Sciences Ulaanbaatar 51 BZD Mongolia

snow leopards are one of the least known large cats, the population of which has dramatically de- creased. Their habitat loss was considered the main reason for the decline during the last decade, but their habitat preferences are still not well known. In this paper, we studied the winter habitat preferences of snow leopards in the Tomur National Nature Reserve （TNNR） in Northwest China during 2004-2005. We used sign surveys and tran- sects to study the winter habitat selection of snow leopards. The results indicated that snow leopards showed a preference for habitat variabilities in slope aspect, vegetation cover, dominant topographical features, landform ruggedness and grazing status. We found that prey availability and dominant topographical features were the most important factors that determined the winter habitat selection of snow leopards. Our results supported the idea that the habitat preferences of snow leopards are a tradeoff between suitable habitat features and avoidance of potential human interactions.

关键词： snow leopard Panthera uncia sign survey habitat preferences Tomur National Nature Reserve

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Species identification refined by molecular scatology in a community of sympatric carnivores in Xinjiang, China

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Zoological Research 2015年第2期36卷 72-78页

作者： Alice LAGUARDIA Jun WANG Fang-Lei SHI Kun SHI Philip RIORDAN The Wildlife Institute Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China The Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OXf 3PS UK

Many ecological studies and conservation management plans employ noninvasive scat sampling based on the assumption that species’ scats can be correctly identified in the field. However, in habitats with sympatric similarly sized carnivores, misidentification of scats is frequent and can lead to bias in research results. To address the scat identification dilemma, molecular scatology techniques have been developed to extract DNA from the donor cells present on the outer lining of the scat samples. A total of 100 samples were collected in the winter of 2009 and 2011 in Taxkorgan region of Xinjiang, China. DNA was extracted successfully from 88% of samples and genetic species identification showed that more than half the scats identified in the field as snow leopard（Panthera uncia） actually belonged to fox（Vulpes vulpes）. Correlation between scat characteristics and species were investigated, showing that diameter and dry weight of the scat were significantly different between the species. However it was not possible to define a precise range of values for each species because of extensive overlap between the morphological values. This preliminary study confirms that identification of snow leopard feces in the field is misleading. Research that relies upon scat samples to assess distribution or diet of the snow leopard should therefore employ molecular scatology techniques. These methods are financially accessible and employ relatively simple laboratory procedures that can give an indisputable response to species identification from scats.

关键词： DNA analysis snow leopard Scats Noninvasive genetics Carnivore

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