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Protecting People from Tobacco smoke in China: Current Status and Challenges

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China CDC weekly 2022年第21期4卷 460-464页

作者： Xia Wan Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic MedicinePeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina

Over the past two years,many people have encountered difficulties because of the advent of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed many concerns,such as social isolation and loneliness,drastic changes to lifestyles,uncertainty for the future,and financial pressure.Some people reported smoking more than usual to reduce stress or loneliness(1),which made more people vulnerable to be exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke(SHS).As we know there is no safe level of exposure to SHS,and even brief exposure can cause harm(2).Under this circumstance,it is quite meaningful to reiterate the topic of protecting people from the harms of SHS.

关键词： smoke meaningful exposure

A lightweight global awareness deep network model for flame and smoke detection

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Optoelectronics Letters 2023年第10期19卷 614-622页

作者： XIAO Bowei YAN Chunman School of Physics and Electronic Engineering Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou730070China

Aiming at the trouble of low detection accuracy and the problem of large model size,this paper proposes a lightweight flame-and-smoke detection model depending on global awareness of images.The proposed method replaces the Conv+BatchNorm+SiLU(CBS)module of original you only look once version 5(YOLOv5)in the backbone with DSConv+BatchNorm+SiLU(DBS),and the C3 module with GC3,and thus constructs a lightweight backbone network.Besides,involution(InvC3)module is proposed to enhance the global modeling ability and compress the model size,and a module using adaptive receptive fields,named FConv,is proposed to enhance the model’s perception capacity for foreground complex flame-and-smoke information in feature maps.Experimental results show that the proposed model increases the mean average precision of all categories at 0.5 IOU(mAP@0.5)to 70.8%,the mAP@0.5:0.95 to 39.7%,reduces the number of parameters to 3.57M and the amount of calculation to 7.4 giga floating-point operations per second(GFLOPs)under the premise of ensuring the detection speed.It has been verified that the model can achieve high-precision real-time detection of flame and smoke.

关键词： smoke backbone replace

Characteristics of patients with chronic airflow obstruction caused by solid fuel or tobacco smoke

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Chinese Medical Journal 2022年第5期135卷 622-624页

作者： Huanyu Long Zhenzhen Xing Di Chai Weiming Liu Yaqi Tong Yuxia Wang Yali Ma Mingming Pan Jia Cui Yanfei Guo Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Beijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100730China The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics Beijing Institute of GeriatricsBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyNational Health CommissionInstitute of Geriatric MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100730China Department of Intensive Care Medicine Beijing Boai HospitalBeijing 100068China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing 100068China

To the Editor: Chronic airflow obstruction (CAO) is a characteristic feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and occurs due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities typically associated with exposure to noxious particles or gases.[1] The major risk factor for CAO is cigarette smoking, but exposure to solid fuel likely influences CAO development. Studies have found that solid fuel exposure is associated with a high prevalence of CAO, particularly among women.[2] Comparing COPD caused by either solid fuel or tobacco smoke exposure is very significant because about 3 billion people are exposed to solid fuel smoke, and 1.01 billion people smoke tobacco, globally. This study aimed to investigate and compare the clinical and functional characteristics of CAO patients exposed to solid fuel and tobacco smoke using propensity score matching (PSM) in western China.

关键词： patients obstruction smoke

Adult Secondhand smoke Exposure—Shanghai Municipality,2018

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China CDC weekly 2020年第22期2卷 399-403页

作者： Yuanqiao Sun De Chen Jian Wang Lin Xiao Kun Xu Chenchen Xie Kunlei Le Zhengyang Gong Xiaoxian Jia Jingrong Gao Liming Wu Department of tobacco control and behavioral intervention Shanghai Municipal Center for Health PromotionShanghaiChina Tobacco Control Office Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina

Summary What is already known on this topic?The average secondhand smoke exposure rate was 68.1%in China in 2018.The World Health Organization suggests that legislation must be used to achieve a 100%smoke-free environ... 详细信息

关键词： smoke exposure Adult

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

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Forensic Sciences Research 2019年第2期4卷 168-178页

作者： Thomas J.Sheehan Hilary J.Hamnett Richard Beasley Paul S.Fitzmaurice Toxicology Institute of Environmental Science and Research(ESR)PoriruaNew Zealand Medical Research Institute of New Zealand WellingtonNew Zealand Toxicology Unit Imperial College LondonLondonUK. Gribbles Veterinary Palmerston NorthNew Zealand

Studies have compared the chemical properties of tobacco smoke to those of cannabis smoke,with the objective of identifying the chemical attributes responsible for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of cannabis smoke.Comparative studies have included small sample sizes and produced conflicting results.The aim of this study was to assess the major chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke across a range of cannabis samples of different potencies and origins,sourced from the illegal market in New Zealand.Twelve cannabis samples were studied ranging from 1.0%to 13.4%delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(D9THC)content.A smoking machine was used to smoke“joints”(cannabis cigarettes)and the chemical/physical properties of the smoke assessed.The chemical constituents of the smoke extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.A range of different chemical constituents(in addition to D9THC)were identified and their concentrations estimated.Terpenoids were identified as the major variable in cannabis smoke,showing a 40-fold range in total terpenoid content.Analysis of the total particulate matter showed that significantly different levels of particulate matter were produced between the different cannabis samples,ranging from 14.6 to 66.3 mg/g of cannabis smoked.The D9THC delivery efficiency during smoking was also investigated and produced consistent results showing a mean and median of 12.6%and 10.8%,respectively,of the theoretically available D9THC(ranging from 7.2%to 28.0%).

关键词： Forensic science forensic toxicology cannabis smoke delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol terpenoids gas chromatography/mass spectrometry total particulate matter

Thirdhand smoke: Genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential

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Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine 2020年第1期6卷 27-34页

作者： Hang Bo Wang Pin Zhao Yue Chang Hang Mao Jian-Hua Antoine MSnijders Biological Systems and Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA Department of Gastroenterology Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalNanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu 210008China Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Peking University Third HospitalBeijing 100191China

Thirdhand smoke (THS), the residual tobacco smoke remaining in the environment after tobacco has been smoked, represents a hidden and underestimated public health hazard. Evidence supports its widespread presence in indoor environments. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), a precursor of THS, has been well documented as a risk factor for human cancers, especially lung cancer. However, the concept of THS as a distinct entity that poses health risks for small children has developed only recently and the associations of THS with cancer risk and other chronic diseases are poorly understood due to limited numbers of studies to date. In this perspective, we mainly summarize all published studies on the genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of THS exposure. These studies begin to fill the knowledge gap in our understanding of cancer risk of THS. Accumulating data from existing and future studies will help reduce the tobacco-related cancer incidence through changes in lifestyle and tobacco control policies.

关键词： Tobacco Thirdhand smoke Tobacco-specific nitrosamines Genotoxicity Carcinogenesis

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Comparison of Serum Adiponectin in smoke-induced Pulmonary Emphysema Rats Fed Different Diets

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Chinese Medical Journal 2016年第2期129卷 187-193页

作者： Rui-Ying Wang Hu Liu Li-JuanMa Jian-Ying Xu Department of Respiratory Diseases Shanxi Dayi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi 030032 China Department of Respiratory Diseases People's Hospital of Salt Lake Valley Yuncheng Shanxi 044000 China

Background： Smoking and body mass index （BMI） are the key risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. Adiponectin with both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory properties is a vital modulator of inflammatory processes, which is expressed in epithelial cells in the airway in COPD-emphysema. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of adiponectin on tobacco smoke-induced emphysema in rats, which were fed different diets. Methods： Seventy-six adult （6-8 weeks old） male Sprague-Dawley rats （average weight 220 ± 20 g） were exposed to smoke or smoke-free room atmosphere and fed different diets （regular, high-fat, or low-fat diets） for 6 months. The rats were randomly divided into six groups. They are nonsmoke-exposed regular diet （n = 10）, nonsmoke-exposed high-fat diet （n - 14）, nonsmoke-exposed low-fat diet （n = 14）, smoke-exposed regular diet （n = 10）, smoke-exposed high-fat diet （n = 14）, and smoke-exposed low-fat diet groups （n = 14）. A full 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of independent variables on smoke exposure and different rearing methods. Serum adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results： Serum adiponectin levels in rats fed low-fat and regular diets exposed to smoke exposure were remarkably higher than that of rats exposed to room air while serum adiponectin levels of fat-rich diet rats exposed to tobacco smoke were lower than that of rats exposed to room air. Compared with regular diet or low-fat diet group, serum adiponectin levels in high-fat diet rats exposed to tobacco smoke were lower （t = 6.932, 11.026; all P 〈 0.001 ）. BMI was inversely correlated with serum adiponectin levels （r = -0.751, P = 0.012）. Serum interleukin 6 （IL-6）, tumor necrosis factor-or （TNF-a）, and 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal （HNE） levels in rats exposed to low-fat or fat-rich diets were remarkably higher than that of rats exposed to normal diets （IL-6, t = 4.196, 3.480; P 〈 0.01, P = 0.001 ; TNF-a, t = 4.286, 3.521 ; P 〈 0

关键词： Adiponectin Diet Pulmonary Emphysema smoke

Berberine Attenuates Cigarette smoke Extract-induced Airway Inflammation in Mice:Involvement of TGF-β1/Smads Signaling Pathway

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Current Medical Science 2019年第5期39卷 748-753页

作者： Wen WANG Gan ZHA Jin-jing ZOU Xun WANG Chun-nian LI Xiao-jun WU Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Rentnin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430060China

Although several studies confirmed that berberine may attenuate airway inflammation in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),its underlying mechanisms were not clear until now.We aimed to establish an experiment mouse model for COPD and to investigate the effects of berberine on airway inflammation and its possible mechanism in COPD model mice induced by cigarette smoke extract(CSE).Twenty SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into PBS control group,COPD model group,low-dose berberine group and high-dose berberine group,5 mice in each group.The neutrophils and macrophages were examined by Wright's staining.The levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detennined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA and proteins in lung tissues were respectively detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.It was found that CSE increased the number of inflammation cells in BALF,elevated lung inflammation scores,and enhanced the TGF-β1/Smads signaling activity in mice.High-dose berberine restrained the alterations in the COPD mice induced by CSE.It was concluded that high-dose berberine ameliorated CSE-induced airway inflammation in COPD mice.TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the mechanism.These findings suggested a therapeutic potential of high-dose berberine on the CSE-induced airway inflammation.

关键词： berberine cigarette smoke extract chronic obstructive pulmonary disease TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway

Network Modeling of Inammatory Dynamics Induced by Biomass smoke Leading to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 2018年第3期31卷 359-366,368页

作者： Hai-shan Yu Zhi-chao Pan Jie-lou Liao Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a chronic inammatory disorder characterized by airow obstruction and progressive damage of lung tissues.As currently more than 3 billion people use biomass fuel for cooking and heating worldwide,exposure to biomass smoke(BS)is recognized as a significant risk factor for COPD.Recent clinical data have shown that BS-COPD patients have a Th2-type inammatory profile significantly different from that in COPD induced by cigarette smoke.As COPD is essentially proinammatory,however,the mechanism underlying this Th2-type anti-inammatory profile remains elusive.In this work,a network model is applied to study BS-induced inammatory dynamics.The network model involves several positive feedback loops,activations of which are responsible for different mechanisms by which clinical phenotypes of COPD are produced.Our modeling study in this work has identified a subset of BS-COPD patients with a mixed M1-and Th2-type inammatory profile.The model's prediction is in good agreement with clinical experiments and our in silico knockout simulations have demonstrated several important network components that play an important role in the disease.Our modeling study provides novel insight into BS-COPD progression,offering a rationale for targeted therapy and personalized medicine for treatment of the disease in future.

关键词： Network model Inammatory dynamics Positive feedback loops Biomass smoke Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease