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smart window of large transparency-tuning capacity

Science China(Technological Sciences) 2023年第11期66卷 3107-3114页

作者： WANG YuZhe LI PengCheng OUYANG JianYong ZHU Jian Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology(SIMTech) Agency for ScienceTechnology and Research(A*STAR)Singapore 138634Singapore Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117575Singapore Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan 430205China School of Science and Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong at ShenzhenShenzhen 518172China Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society Shenzhen 518129China

windows are one of the least energy-efficient components of a building.It allows energy to escape,leading to high cooling demand in summer and energy loss in winter.Sunlight and temperature in the building also affect people's health,comfort,and even productivity.As a result,controlling the heat and light entering the building dynamically is critical for improving the comfort of building occupants and reducing energy consumption.In this work,we develop a tunable smart window based on transparent dielectric elastomer actuators(DEAs)as an alternative solution to sunlight and temperature control.The transparency-tuning is achieved by creating wrinkles in a soft elastomer film made of waterborne polyurethane(WPU).The actuation mechanism is based on highly transparent dielectric elastomer actuators that use all solid-state stretchable transparent conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/(PEDOT:PSS/WPU)as compliant electrodes.The modulation range of the smart tunable window with direct viewing is achieved to be 35%to 90%,which is one of the largest among existing tunable windows.At the low-transparency state,the window can also effectively block the heat and decrease the temperature rise to 2℃over 200 s,while the ambient temperature rises by 6℃with direct sunlight.We anticipate that this transparency-tuning mechanism is potentially useful for privacy protection,smart glass,projector screens,displays,and camouflage.The heat isolation feature also has the potential to reduce carbon emissions and improve the sustainability of buildings and greenhouses.

关键词： smart window dielectric elastomer transparency tuning transparent electrodes wrinkles

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An Electrochromic Nickel Phosphate Film for Large-Area smart window with Ultra-Large Optical Modulation

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Nano-Micro Letters 2023年第3期15卷 35-47页

作者： Pengyang Lei Jinhui Wang Yi Gao Chengyu Hu Siyu Zhang Xingrui Tong Zhuanpei Wang Yuanhao Gao Guofa Cai Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High‑Efficiency Display and Lighting TechnologySchool of Materials and Engineeringand Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and ApplicationsHenan UniversityKaifeng 475004People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Micro‑Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province Institute of Surface Micro and Nano MaterialsCollege of Chemical and Materials EngineeringXuchang UniversityXuchang 461000HenanPeople’s Republic of China

Exploring materials with high electrochemical activity is of keen interest for electrochemistry-controlled optical and energy storage devices.However,it remains a great challenge for transition metal oxides to meet this feature due to their low electron conductivity and insufficient reaction sites.Here,we propose a type of transition metal phosphate(NiHPO_(4)·3H_(2)O,NHP)by a facile and scalable electrodeposition method,which can achieve the capability of efficient ion accommodation and injection/extraction for electrochromic energy storage applications.Specifically,the NHP film with an ultra-high transmittance(approach to 100%)achieves a large optical modulation(90.8%at 500 nm),high coloration efficiency(75.4 cm^(2)C^(-1)at 500 nm),and a high specific capacity of 47.8 mAh g^(-1)at 0.4 A g^(-1).Furthermore,the transformation mechanism of NHP upon electrochemical reaction is systematically elucidated using in situ and ex situ techniques.Ultimately,a large-area electrochromic smart window with 100 cm^(2)is constructed based on the NHP electrode,displaying superior electrochromic energy storage performance in regulating natural light and storing electrical charges.Our findings may open up new strategies for developing advanced electrochromic energy storage materials and smart windows.

关键词： Electrochromism Transition metal phosphates Optical modulation smart window Energy storage

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3D printed hydrogel for soft thermo-responsive smart window

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2022年第2期4卷 184-193页

作者： Lei Chen Guihui Duan Ce Zhang Ping Cheng Zhaolong Wang College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082People’s Republic of China Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology China Academy of Space Technology(CAST)Beijing 10094People’s Republic of China MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering School of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240People’s Republic of China

smart windows with tunable optical properties that respond to external environments are being developed to reduce energy consumption in buildings.In the present study,we introduce a new type of 3D printed hydrogel with amazing flexibility and stretchability(as large as 1500%),as well as tunable optical performance controlled by surrounding temperatures.The hydrogel on a PDMS substrate shows transparent-opaque transition with high solar modulation(ΔT_(sol))up to 79.332% around its lower critical solution temperature(L_(CST))while maintaining a high luminous transmittance(T_(lum))of 85.847% at 20℃.In addition,selective transparent-opaque transition above LCST can be achieved by patterned hydrogels which are precisely fabricated via a projection micro-stereolithography based 3D printing technique.Our hydrogel promises great potential applications for the next generation of soft smart windows.

关键词： 3D printing thermal response hydrogel tunable optical properties smart window

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Design and optimization of thermally responsive autonomous dynamic glazed attachment systems for building solar heat gain control

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Building Simulation 2023年第10期16卷 1971-1986页

作者： Neda Ghaeili Ardabili Yanxiao Feng Julian Wang Department of Architectural Engineering Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA

windows,as transparent intermediaries between the indoors and outdoors,have a significant impact on building energy consumption and indoor visual and thermal comfort.With the recent development of dynamic window structures,especially various attachment technologies,the thermal,visual,and energy performances of windows have been significantly improved.In this research,a new dynamic transparent louver structure sandwiched within conventional double-pane windows is proposed,designed,optimized,and examined in terms of energy savings in different climates.The uniqueness of the proposed design is that it autonomously responds to the seasonal needs prompted by solar heat gain through the use of thermally deflected bimetallic elements.Moreover,by integrating spectral selective louvers into the system design,the dynamic structure enables strong solar infrared modulation with a little visible variation.The optical and thermal properties of the dynamic glazing structure support about 30%and 16%seasonal variations in solar heat gains and visible transmittance,respectively.Furthermore,the potential energy savings were explored via parametric energy simulations,which showed significant potential for heating and cooling energy savings.This proposed design demonstrates a simple smart dynamic glazing structure driven by seasonal temperature differences,with significant solar heat control capabilities and minor effects on the visible or visual quality of the glazing system.

关键词： smart window window attachment spectrally selective louver solar heat gain visible transmittance bimetal structure

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Oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanoflowers for dynamically tunable near-infrared light transmittance of smart windows

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Nano Research 2023年第10期16卷 12165-12172页

作者： Ya Huang Baoshun Wang Pei Lyu Siming Zhao Xueke Wu Shiliang Zhang Run Li Qinyuan Jiang Fei Wang Yanlong Zhao Rufan Zhang Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

Electrochromic smart windows have attracted much attention in energy-saving buildings because of their ability to selectively modulate visible(VIS)and near-infrared(NIR)light transmittance.As is known,the NIR region accounts for about 50%of the total solar radiation.Therefore,reducing the NIR transmittance of windows will play a crucial role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings.However,for most of the reported electrochromic materials(ECMs)-based windows,it remains a longlasting challenge about how to achieve a low NIR transmittance during the past decades.In this work,we synthesize oxygendeficient tungsten oxide(WO_(3−x))nanoflowers(NFs)by a simple and efficient method that is facile for their mass production.The WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit low NIR transmittance of only 4.11%,0.60%,and 0.19%at 1200,1600,and 1800 nm,respectively,due to the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Besides,the WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit an excellent dual-band modulating ability for both VIS and NIR light.They are able to operate in three distinct modes,including a bright mode,a cool mode,and a dark mode.Moreover,the WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit a fast bleaching/coloring time(1.54/6.67 s),and excellent cycling stability(97.75%of capacity retention after 4000 s).

关键词： electrochromic tungsten oxide dual-band smart window infrared

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Finely Tuning the Lower Critical Solution Temperature of Ionogels by Regulating the Polarity of Polymer Networks and Ionic Liquids

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CCS Chemistry 2022年第4期4卷 1386-1396页

作者： Lie Chen Cong Zhao Xiaozheng Duan Jiajia Zhou Mingjie Liu Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing 100191 School of Physics Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun 130022 International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191

Nonvolatile ionogels have recently emerged as promising soft electrolyte materials due to their high ionic conductivity and good durability.However,the compatibility between polymer networks and ionic liquids(ILs),which show significant influence on the physicochemical properties of the ionogels,has been rarely studied.Herein,we elucidate a lower critical solution temperature(LCST)-type phase behavior of ionogels composed of polyacrylates and hydrophobic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide ILs.We systematically study the structural effects of ILs and monomers on the LCST of ionogels.Our work illustrates that the LCST of ionogels is primarily determined by the polarity of polymer side chains and the alkyl chain on cations of ILs.The oriented solvation between polymers and ILs caused by hydrogen-bonding effects and van der Waals interactions may serve as the driving force for the LCST phase behavior in our system.Furthermore,by varying the mixing ratio of two structurally similar ILs in their blends,the LCST of ionogels can be tuned to exhibit a linear variation within a wide temperature range(from subzero to over 200℃).Finally,thermoresponsive ionogels with desired patterns are prepared using photomasks.These nonvolatile ionogels with tunable LCST enriched the functionality of state-of-the-art ionogels,which provides insight into the design and fabrication of smart and flexible electronic/optical devices.

关键词： ionic liquids ionogels LCST polyacrylates thermoresponsive smart window

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Optical switching properties of Pd-Ni thin-film top-capped switchable mirrors

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Frontiers of Materials Science 2015年第3期9卷 227-233页

作者： Xiao-Li ZHANG Shan-Hu BAO Xun CAO Ping JIN State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dingxi Rd. 1295 Changning District Shanghai 200050 China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Switchable mirrors based on magnesium-nickel alloy thin films capped with catalytic Pd-Ni alloy thin films were prepared by a DC magnetron sputtering method. Their composition, structure and surface morphology were studied by XPS, XRD and AFM. Herein, the optical switching properties and durability of the switchable mirrors were investigated by varying the Ni content in the Pd-Ni alloys. Comparing pure Pd catalyst with Pd-Ni top-capped switchable mirrors, the latter show better hydrogenation and dehydrogenation kinetics, and the speed of hydrogen desorption is obviously improved with increasing Ni content in the Pd-Ni alloy. The Pd-Ni capped switchable mirrors also have better optical switching durability. The catalytic Pd layer with the addition of Ni does not influence the transmittance （hydride state） and reflectance （metallic state） of the switchable mirrors. In addition, replacing Pd with Pd-Ni alloy decreases the cost of the switchable mirrors： employing nickel in the alloy Pd89.2Ni10.8 can save about 11% use of Pd. Therefore, the Pd-Ni alloy can provide a cheaper catalytic thin film, and it is expected to have applications in energy-saving windows, hydrogen sensors and hydrogen storage materials.

关键词： magnesium alloy thin film hydrogen storage material Pd-Ni alloy smart window energy-saving material

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Recent research progress on mixed valence state tungsten based materials

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Tungsten 2019年第1期1卷 5-18页

作者： Shu Yin Yusuke Asakura Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Tohoku University2-1-1 KatahiraAoba-kuSendai 980-8577Japan

Synthesis and characterization of tungsten based mixed valence state nanoparticles and their novel applications are reviewed.The mixed valence state tungsten based homogeneous nanomaterials such as bronze structure M_(x)WO_(3)(M=Na^(+),K^(+),Rb^(+),Cs^(+),NH_(4)^(+),etc.)and tungsten sub-oxide W_(18)O_(49) possess excellent infrared(IR)light shielding property,implying their great potential applications on heat ray shielding and indoor energy saving effect in summer season.Also,some novel properties such as electric conductivity,bio thermal therapy function and electrochromic properties of mixed valence state tungsten based materials are introduced.The design of components,formation of composites and structure control of thin films are expected to realize the property enhancement and candidates for practice application as window materials.The multifunc-tionality of the mixed valence state based composites also implies great potential on novel applications of various building materials.

关键词： Tungsten bronze Mixed valence state smart window Infrared(IR)light shielding Thermochromic Photothermal ablation therapy(PTA) Multifunctionality

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MgF_(2) as abundant and environmentally friendly electrolytes for high performance electrochromic devices

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Journal of Materiomics 2021年第6期7卷 1318-1323页

作者： Xi Chen Wenjie Li Shuliang Dou Lebin Wang Yingming Zhao Xiang Zhang Yao Li Jiupeng Zhao Center for Composite Materials and Structure Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China

Electrochromic devices(ECDs)can regulate the indoor solar radiation by adjusting optical transmissive properties,showing great commercial potential and important social value of green energy saving.However,the unsafety and high cost of Li^(+) based electrolyte hinder the large-scale and industrialized production of ECDs.Other metal ions have been used as electrolyte ions,but they are rarely reported in all solid state ECDs.In this study,MgF_(2) film is used as the solid electrolyte to construct all solid state ECD with the structure of glass/ITO/WO_(3)/MgF_(2)/NiO/ITO.The ECD shows the large optical modulation(~83%at 820 nm,with 100 s durations)and fast response(19.2 s for bleaching and 8.3 s for coloring,with 25 s durations).Moreover,the ECD achieves the extreme transmittance value of colored states Tc=0%,which can give an absolute private state.This work not only indicates that MgF_(2) film can be an alternative to Lit based electrolyte in all solid state ECDs,but also broadens the applications of all solid state EC smart windows to private buildings.

关键词： Electrochromic All solid state smart window

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Propose a kind of optimal intelligent window in tropical region with an ability to reduce the input light and heat, and having enough visibility to outside

Propose a kind of optimal intelligent window in tropical reg...

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International Conference on Computer Communication and Management（ICCCM 2011）

作者： Foad Faizi Marzieh Noorani Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad M.Sc. Student Department of Architectural Technology Faculty of Arts and Architecture Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran. M.Sc. Student Department of Architectural Technology Faculty of Arts and Architecture Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran. Assistant Professor Department of Architectural Technology Faculty of Arts and Architecture Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran.

Nowadays, glazing is one of the fundamental problems for designers and architects. The problem is that windows are bi-directional;they transfer energy in both directions simultaneously. On one hand radiation and light are transferred to interior, on the other hand heat and energy are conducted to outside. Although windows allow light enter to the building, it should be balanced with the view to the exterior. As a solution intelligent windows are keeping the buildings from extra shining, radiations, heat, inappropriate views, and energy loss. Electrochromic, Gasochromic, Thermochromic, Photochromic, and Liquid Crystal are different types of smart windows, having discrepant capability to solve mentioned problems. In this paper we have analyzed all kinds of intelligent windows and their characteristics in order to find the best one for tropical regions which has capability to reduce light intensity and heat, but prepare enough visibility to outside. In this research semi- experimental and logical argumentation adopted as research method, which enriched with descriptive-analytical techniques.

关键词： smart window incident light opaque transmittance visibility tropical region light intensity.

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