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Mining Bytecode Features of smart contracts to Detect PonziScheme on Blockchain

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2021年第6期127卷 1069-1085页

作者： Xiajiong Shen Shuaimin Jiang Lei Zhang Henan Key Laboratory of Big Data Analysis and Processing Henan UniversityKaifeng47500China Institute of Data and Knowledge Engineering Henan UniversityKaifeng47500China School of Computer and Information Engineering Henan UniversityKaifeng47500China

The emergence of smart contracts has increased the attention of industry and academia to blockchain technology,which is tamper-proofing,decentralized,autonomous,and enables decentralized applications to operate in untrustworthy ***,these features of this technology are also easily exploited by unscrupulous individuals,a typical example of which is the Ponzi scheme in *** negative effect of unscrupulous individuals writing Ponzi scheme-type smart contracts in Ethereum and then using these contracts to scam large amounts of money has been *** solve this problem,we propose a detection model for detecting Ponzi schemes in smart contracts using *** this model,our innovation is shown in two aspects:We first propose to use two bytes as one characteristic,which can quickly transform the bytecode into a high-dimensional matrix,and this matrix contains all the implied characteristics in the ***,We innovatively transformed the Ponzi schemes detection into an anomaly detection ***,an anomaly detection algorithm is used to identify Ponzi schemes in smart *** results show that the proposed detection model can greatly improve the accuracy of the detection of the Ponzi scheme ***,the F1-score of this model can reach 0.88,which is far better than those of other traditional detection models.

关键词： Ponzi scheme blockchain security smart contracts anomaly detection

Preserving Data Secrecy and Integrity for Cloud Storage Using smart contracts and Cryptographic Primitives

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2449-2463页

作者： Maher Alharby Cybersecurity Department College of Computer Science and EngineeringTaibah UniversityMedina42353Saudi Arabia

Cloud computing has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional computing infrastructures,offering various ***,the adoption of cloud storage poses significant risks to data secrecy and *** article presents an effective mechanism to preserve the secrecy and integrity of data stored on the public cloud by leveraging blockchain technology,smart contracts,and cryptographic *** proposed approach utilizes a Solidity-based smart contract as an auditor for maintaining and verifying the integrity of outsourced *** preserve data secrecy,symmetric encryption systems are employed to encrypt user data before outsourcing *** extensive performance analysis is conducted to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed ***,a rigorous assessment is conducted to ensure that the developed smart contract is free from vulnerabilities and to measure its associated running *** security analysis of the proposed system confirms that our approach can securely maintain the confidentiality and integrity of cloud storage,even in the presence of malicious *** proposed mechanism contributes to enhancing data security in cloud computing environments and can be used as a foundation for developing more secure cloud storage systems.

关键词： Cloud storage data secrecy data integrity smart contracts cryptography

Using blockchain and semantic web technologies for the implementation of smart contracts between individuals and health insurance organizations

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Blockchain(Research and Applications) 2022年第2期3卷 1-14页

作者： Efthymios Chondrogiannis Vassiliki Andronikou Efstathios Karanastasis Antonis Litke Theodora Varvarigou National Technical University of Athens 9 Heroon Politechniou Str15773AthensGreece

Blockchains and smart contracts are gaining momentum as enabling technologies for a wide set of applications where data distribution and sharing among decentralized infrastructures is *** this work,we present a distributed application developed using blockchain technologies that allows individuals and health insurance organizations to come into agreement during the implementation of the healthcare insurance policies in each *** this purpose,health standards and semantic web technologies were used for the formal expression of both the insured individual's data and contract ***,a fine-grained data access policy was applied for evaluating contract terms on the basis of relevant data captured in healthcare settings.A prototype was implemented involving the development of several different smart contracts for the Ethereum platform as well as the necessary visual environment for accessing *** developed system validates various features related to blockchain and smart contract features that are briefly discussed in this work,part of which can be mitigated or resolved through the use of a private permissioned *** application of well-established techniques for potential malfunctions of external services could also boost the security of the system and prevent it from potential attacks.

关键词： Blockchain smart contracts Insurance organizations Health standards Semantic web

Eth2Vec:Learning contract-wide code representations for vulnerability detection on Ethereum smart contracts

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Blockchain(Research and Applications) 2022年第4期3卷 109-122页

作者： Nami Ashizawa Naoto Yanai Jason Paul Cruz Shingo Okamura School of Information Science and Technology Osaka UniversityOsaka 565-0871Japan Osaka University Osaka 565-0871Japan National Institute of Technology Nara CollegeNara 639-1080Japan

Ethereum smart contracts are computer programs that are deployed and executed on the Ethereum blockchain to enforce agreements among untrusting *** the most prominent platform that supports smart contracts,Ethereum has been targeted by many attacks and plagued by security ***,many smart contract vulnerabilities have been discovered in the past *** detect and prevent such vulnerabilities,different security analysis tools,including static and dynamic analysis tools,have been created,but their performance decreases drastically when codes to be analyzed are constantly being *** this paper,we propose Eth2Vec,a machine-learning-based static analysis tool that detects smart contract ***2Vec maintains its robustness against code rewrites;i.e.,it can detect vulnerabilities even in rewritten *** machine-learning-based static analysis tools require features,which analysts create manually,as *** contrast,Eth2Vec uses a neural network for language processing to automatically learn the features of vulnerable *** doing so,Eth2Vec can detect vulnerabilities in smart contracts by comparing the similarities between the codes of a target contract and those of the learned *** performed experiments with existing open databases,such as Etherscan,and Eth2Vec was able to outperform a recent model based on support vector machine in terms of well-known metrics,i.e.,precision,recall,and F1-score.

关键词： Ethereum smart contracts Blockchain Neural networks Static analysis Code similarity Vulnerability detection

Analysis of smart contracts balances

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Blockchain(Research and Applications) 2021年第3期2卷 46-67页

作者： Cosimo Laneve Claudio Sacerdoti Coen Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of BolognaINRIA FocusBologna40126Italy

We define a technique for analyzing updates of smart contracts balances due to transfers of digital *** analysis addresses a lightweight smart contract language and consists of a two-step ***,we define the input-output behaviors of smart contract functions by means of a simple functional language with static *** we associate the terms of this intermediate language with cost equations that compute the loss or gain of digital *** resulting equations can be fed to an off-the-shelf cost analyzer to provide upper bounds to the loss or *** analysis has been prototyped and we report its assessments and discuss extensions with additional features.

关键词： smart contracts Blockchain Static analysis Cost analysis Cryptocurrency Movements

Verification and Validation for data marketplaces via a blockchain and smart contracts

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Blockchain(Research and Applications) 2022年第4期3卷 91-108页

作者： Will Serrano The Bartlett University College London WC1E 6BTLondonUnited Kingdom

Actual challenges with data in physical infrastructure include:1)the adversity of its velocity based on access and retrieval,thus integration;2)its value as its intrinsic quality;3)its extensive volume with a limited variety in terms of systems;and finally,4)its veracity,as data can be modified to obtain an economical *** infrastructure design based on Agile project management and minimum viable products provides benefits against the traditional waterfall *** supports an early return on investment that promotes circular reinvesting while making the product more adaptable to variable social-economical ***,Agile also presents inherent issues due to its iterative ***,project information requires an efficient record of the aims,requirements,and governance not only for the investors,owners,or users but also to keep evidence in future health&safety and other statutory *** order to address these issues,this article presents a Validation and Verification(V&V)model for data marketplaces with a hierarchical process;each data V&V stage provides a layer of data abstraction,value-added services,and authenticity based on Artificial Intelligence(AI).In addition,this proposed solution applies Distributed Ledger Technology(DLT)for a decentralised approach where each user keeps and maintains the data within a *** presented model is validated in real data marketplace applications:1)live data for the Newcastle Urban Observatory smart City Project,where data are collected from sensors embedded within the smart city via APIs;2)static data for University College London(UCL)—Real Estate—PEARL Project,where different project users and stakeholders introduce data into a Project Information Model(PIM).

关键词： Data marketplace Project information model smart cities smart buildings Real estate Distributed ledger technology Blockchain smart contracts Artificial intelligence

Systematic literature review on smart contracts in the construction industry: Potentials,benefits, and challenges

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Frontiers of Engineering Management 2022年第2期9卷 196-213页

作者： Xuling YE Ningshuang ZENG Markus KONIG Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ruhr-Universitat BochumUniversitatsstraBe 150D-44801 BochumGermany Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ruhr-Universitat BochumUniversitatsstraβe 150D-44801 BochumGermany Department of Construction Management and Real Estate School of Civil EngineeringSoutheast University(Jiulonghu Campus)Nanjing 210096China

The development of digital transformation in the construction industry has led to the increasing adoption of smart *** programmable applications to automatically write,verify,and enforce transaction conditions,smart contracts can be used in different areas mainly to improve automation level,information security,and built digital environment ***,the smart contract is commonly mentioned as a blockchain appendage,while its unique connotation and value in the construction industry have not been ***,this study carries out a systematic review based on 81 research articles published from 2014 to 2021 on smart contract applications in construction to explore and highlight their potentials under domain-specific *** are analyzed according to research type categorization and domain *** research domains are identified,where the three most highly explored domains are contract and payment,supply chain and logistics,and information *** integration of smart contracts with other innovative concepts and advanced technologies is *** applicability,benefits,and challenges of smart contract applications regarding different research domains are discussed.

关键词： smart contracts blockchain construction industry BIM systematic review

Legal Effect of smart contracts Based on Blockchain

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国际计算机前沿大会会议论文集 2020年第1期 166-186页

作者： Xichen Li Xihua University Chengdu 610039SichuanChina

smart contracts are increasingly used in financial innovation *** view of smart contracts’legal effects,a study is implemented in this ***,smart contracts appear as a set of computer codes,and carry the mutual consensus of the transaction parties and under the principle of freedom of contract ***,smart contracts can be understood as a type of contractual written form in the hightech *** the agreement automatic enforcement was made by the five-element structure,and the traditional situation of enforcement uncertainty was *** results show that it is necessary to examine whether the meaning of the machine matches the meaning of the party,and whether the machine meaning is in conformity with the legal ***,the conclusion was drawn that the legal effect of smart contract can be clarified in response to the booming financial technology.

关键词： smart contracts Legal effect Automatic enforcement

A Distributed Self-Tallying Electronic Voting System Using the smart Contract

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第4期33卷 1063-1076页

作者： Jingyu YAO Bo YANG Tao WANG Wenzheng ZHANG School of Computer Science Shaanxi Normal University State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks Xidian University Science and Technology on Communication Security Laboratory

For electronic voting(e-voting) with a trusted authority, the ballots may be discarded or tampered, so it is attractive to eliminate the dependence on the trusted party. An e-voting protocol, where the final voting result can be calculated by any entity, is known as self-tallying e-voting protocol. To the best of our knowledge, addressing both abortive issue and adaptive issue simultaneously is still an open problem in self-tallying e-voting *** Ethereum blockchain with cryptographic technologies, we present a decentralized self-tallying e-voting protocol. We solve the above problem efficiently by utilizing optimized Group Encryption Scheme and standard Exponential El Gamal Cryptosystem. We use zero-knowledge proof and homomorphic encryption to protect votes' secrecy and achieve self-tallying. All ballots can be verified by anyone and the final voting result can be calculated by any entity. In addition, using the paradigm of score voting and “1-out-of-k” proof, our e-voting system is suitable for a wide range of application scenarios. Experiments show that our protocol is more competitive and more suitable for large-scale voting.

关键词： Electronic voting systems smart contracts Blockchains Cryptocurrency Electronic voting Homomorphic encryption Standards