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Inverse of Rensch’s Rule of Allometry for sexual size dimorphism in Bufo andrewsi

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Asian Herpetological Research 2023年第1期14卷 95-102,I0005页

作者： Lanlan ZHANG Ying JIANG Li ZHAO Wenbo LIAO Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation(Ministry of Education) China West Normal UniversityNanchong 637009SichuanChina School of Ecology and Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Artificial Propagation and Utilization in Anurans of Nanchong City China West Normal UniversityNanchong 637009SichuanChina

Difference in body size between males and females(sexual size dimorphism:SSD)and its variation are a common phenomenon in animal kingdom.Rensch’s rule predicts that the degree of SSD variation increases with the enlarged mean body size when males are larger than females and decreases when females are larger than males.Here,whether the patterns of variations in SSD in the Andrew’s toad(Bufo andrewsi)follow Rensch’s rule was tested using unpublished data from 14 populations and published data from 17 populations.Results show the reduced major axis regression of log10(male size)on log10(female size)across all populations displayed a significant hyperallometric relationship,which was consistent with inverse Rensch’s rule(the degree of SSD increased with enlarged mean body size).SSD could also be explained by sexual age difference(SAD)due to a positive SSD–SAD relationship among all populations.The findings suggest that the occurrence of inverse Rensch’s rule in B.andrewsi is likely to be a result of fecundity selection on increased reproductive investments in larger females.

关键词： body size Bufo andrewsi hyperallometric Rensch’s rule sexual size dimorphism

Sex Ratio and sexual size dimorphism in a Toad-headed Lizard, Phrynocephalus guinanensis

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Asian Herpetological Research 2018年第1期9卷 35-42页

作者： Kailong ZHANG Haojie TONG Yubin WO Naifa LIU Yuanting JIN College of Life Sciences China Jiliang University School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University

Phrynocephalus guinanensis has sexual dimorphism in abdominal coloration, but its ontogenetic development of sexual size dimorphism （SSD） is unknown. Using mark-recapture data during four days each year from August from 2014 to 2016, we investigated the development of sex ratios, SSD, sex-specific survivorship and growth rates in a population of P guinanensis. Our results indicated that the sex ratio of males to females was 1：2.8. Males had a lower survival rate （6%） than females （14%） across the age range from hatchling to adult, which supported the discovered female-biased sex ratio potentially associated with the low survival rate of males between hatchlings and juveniles. Male-biased SSD in tail length and head width existed in adults rather than in hatchling or juvenile lizards. The growth rates in body dimensions were undistinguishable between the sexes during the age from hatchling to juvenile, but the growth rate in head length from juvenile to adult was significantly larger in males than females. Average growth rate of all morphological measurements from hatchling to juvenile were larger compared with corresponding measurements from juvenile to adult, but only being significant in tail length, head width, abdomen length in females and snout-vent length in males. We provided a case study to strengthen our understanding of the important life history traits on how a viviparous lizard population can survive and develop their morphology in cold climates.

关键词： toad-headed lizard mark-recapture sexual size dimorphism growth rate survivorship sex ratio

Different paths to sexual size dimorphism in two praying mantids, Pseudomantis albofimbriata and Hierodula majuscula

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Insect Science 2014年第2期21卷 227-233页

作者： Louise E. Allen Katherine L. Barry Gregory I. Holwell Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand

sexual size dimorphism （SSD） is widespread among diverse animal taxa and has attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists for over a century. SSD is likely to be adaptive and the result of divergent selection on different size optima for males and females, given their different roles in reproduction. The developmental trajectory leading to SSD may help us to understand how selection acts on male and female size. Here, we describe the growth and development of two Australian praying mantids, Pseudomantis albofimbriata and Hierodula majuscula including the number of moults, time to adulthood, size at each moult, and the degree of SSD. While both species exhibit the common pattern of female-biased SSD, the number of moults required for individuals to reach adulthood differed between males and females and between species. Despite their larger adult size, P. albofimbriata females require fewer moults and less time than males to reach adulthood, but are significantly larger than males from the second instar onwards. In contrast, H. majuscula males reached adulthood in fewer moults, and less time than females, however males and females did not differ in size until females went through their final moult into adulthood. H. majuscula also required more time and more moults to reach adulthood than 17. albofimbriata. We discuss these different developmental pathways in light of the existing knowledge of reproductive biology for each species. We also suggest that these differences may relate to the different phenologies that occur in strongly seasonal temperate environments compared with those in the tropics. This study provides evidence that SSD can result from two different patterns of growth and development in closely related species.

关键词： developmental trajectories Mantodea sexual size dimorphism

Significant Male Biased sexual size dimorphism in Leptobrachium leishanensis

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Asian Herpetological Research 2015年第4期6卷 298-304页

作者： Yingying QI Wei ZHANG Li HUANG Zhenhua LUO Mian ZHAO Hua WU Institute of Evolution and Ecology International Research Centre of Ecology and Environment School of Life Sciences Central China Normal University

sexual size dimorphism（SSD） is a widespread phenomenon among animals, and whose evolution and maintenance has been a central topic in evolutionary biology since Darwin＇s time. SSD varies in direction among the major taxonomic groups of animals and even within the same groups. In anurans, female biased SSD is the rule in many lineages, whereas male biased SSD is a rare phenomenon. In this paper, we analyze whether SSD exists inLeptobrachium leishanensis by comparing morphological characteristics between the sexes. Our results show that all six morphological characteristics measured are significantly different between the sexes. Males are significantly larger than females, indicating that the male biased SSD of this species is apparent. The size of the nuptial spines, a special secondary sex trait of males, is significantly and positively correlated with body size. We suggest that the resource defense polygyny mating system and parental care behavior may be explanations for the evolution of male biased SSD and nuptial spine development in this species.

关键词： sexual size dimorphism Leptobrachium leishanensis mating system parental care evolution

Variation and sexual dimorphism of Body size in the Plateau Brown Frog along an Altitudinal Gradient

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Asian Herpetological Research 2015年第4期6卷 291-297页

作者： Xueyun FENG Wei CHEN Junhua HU Jianping JIANG Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University

Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism（SSD） can have important consequences for animal ecology, behavior, population dynamics and the evolution of life-history traits. Organisms are expected to be larger in colder climate（i.e., Bergmann＇s rule） and SSD varies with body size（i.e., Rensch＇s rule）. However, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The plateau brown frog（Rana kukunoris）, a medium-sized anuran species with femalebiased SSD, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau（QTP）. From 1797 m（Maoxiang＇ping） to 3453 m（Heihe＇qiao） in the eastern margin of the QTP, we surveyed 10 populations of R. kukunoris and collected phalanges and snout vent length（SVL） data for 258 adult individuals（199 males versus 59 females）. Based on these data, we explored how body size and SSD varying along the altitudinal gradient and examined the corresponding effects of temperature. We found body size to be larger at higher altitude for males but not for females, with likely effects from the temperature on the variation in male body size. Sex differences in growth rates may be the main cause of the variation in SSD. Our results suggested that only males follow the Bergmann＇s rule and variation in SSD of R. kukunoris do not support the Rensch＇s rule and its inverse. Therefore, the variations of body size can be different between sexes and the applicability of both Bergmann＇s rule and Rensch＇s rule should depend on species and environment where they live.

关键词： Altitudinal gradient Bergmann＇s rule body size variation Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Rana kukunoris,Rensch＇s rule sexual size dimorphism

sexual dimorphism of Head size in Phrynocephalus przewalskii: Testing the Food Niche Divergence Hypothesis

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Asian Herpetological Research 2013年第4期4卷 242-247页

作者： Wei ZHAO Naifa LIU School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University

sexual size dimorphism （SSD） is a general phenomenon in lizards, and can evolve through sexual selection or natural selection. But natural selection, which was thought to operate mainly through reducing the competition be- tween the two sexes （niche divergence hypothesis）, gave rise to a lot of controversy. We tested the niche divergence hypothesis in the toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus przewalskii by comparing diet composition and prey sizes between males and females. The species was found to be sexual dimorphic, with males having relatively larger snout-vent length, head width, head length, and tail length, while females have relatively larger abdomen length. Based on analysis of 93 studied stomachs, a total of 1359 prey items were identified. The most common prey items were formicid, lygaeid and tenebrionid. The two sexes did not differ in the relative proportions of prey size categories they consumed and the dietary overlap based on prey species was high （O = 0.989）. In addition, the meal size, the volume or any maximal dimension of the largest prey item in the stomach was not explained by the sexes. According to our results, food niche divergence might not play an important role in the SSD evolution ofP. przewalskii.

关键词： Phrynocephalus przewalskii sexual size dimorphism niche divergence food composition prey size

Subtle sexual plumage color dimorphism and size dimorphism in a South American colonial breeder, the Monk Parakeet(Myiopsitta monachus)

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Avian Research 2020年第2期11卷 157-165页

作者： Macarena Morales Deysi J.Gigena Santiago MBenitez‑Vieyra Diego J.Valdez Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y NaturalesCentro de Zoología AplicadaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaRondeau 798CP X5000AVP CórdobaArgentina Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal(IDEA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET)Av.Vélez Sarsfield 299X5000JJC CórdobaArgentina Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología Facultad de Ciencias ExactasFísicas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaAv.Vélez Sarsfield 299CP 5000 CórdobaArgentina Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal(IMBIV) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET)Av.Vélez Sarsfield 1666CP X5016GCN CórdobaArgentina

Background:Parrots(Psittacidae Family)are one of the most colorful groups of birds in the world,their colors pro-duced both structurally and via unusual pigments(psittacofulvins).Most species are considered to be monogamous,and many have been viewed historically as sexually monomorphic and monochromatic.However,studies using morphometric analysis and spectrophotometric techniques have revealed sexual size dimorphism and also sexual plumage color dimorphism among some species.The Monk Parakeet(Myiopsitta monachus),a native parrot of South America,is an interesting species for the study of plumage coloration and size since it is considered sexually mono-chromatic and monomorphic.Furthermore,recent studies show that the Monk Parakeet has extra-bond paternity behavior and even breeding trios,which suggests that sexual selection may play an important role in this species,and that it might have sexually dimorphic plumage(albeit imperceptible by humans)and be dimorphic in size.Methods:For the determination of plumage color we used spectrophotometry in the range of avian vision(300-700 nm)and performed a morphological analysis.Results:Our spectrophotometric results indicate that the Monk Parakeet shows subtle sexual plumage color dimor-phism in three(crown,nape and wing)out of twelve body regions.Similarly,our morphometric analysis showed that there are subtle sex differences in body size(bill and weight).Conclusions:Although the Monk Parakeet shows extra-bond paternity and breeding trio behaviors which could increase sexual dimorphism,these behaviors occur among highly related individuals;perhaps the high rate of inbreeding is responsible for the attenuation of sexual plumage color dimorphism and sex differences in body size observed.

关键词： Argentina Avian vision Colonial breeder Myiopsitta monachus Parrot sexual plumage color dimorphism sexual size dimorphism

Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in an spinosa frog,Paa spinosa

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Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism...

Bare-throated spurfowl(Pternistis spp.)males across Africa impress females with bright throat colours during courtship

浙江省第三届生物多样性保护与可持续发展研讨会

作者： Zheng Rong-quan Liu Chun-tao (Institute of ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004)

We describe the spatial pattern of variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism. A conservative approach used to discern the effects of precipitation and temperature by applying sequential regression. Variable priorities were assigned according to their bivarite correction with body size, except for rainfall and its interactions that entered into the model last. Rainfall and average maximum

关键词： Paa spinosa Geographic variation sexual size dimorphism

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Avian Research 2023年第3期14卷 416-424页

作者： Johann H.van Niekerk Department of Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South AfricaP.O.Box 392Pretoria0003South Africa

The role of bare body parts in sexual signalling in birds has received relatively little attention.I describe how the bare-throated spurfowl males saturate the colours of their throats to attract females.Of the 23 Afrotropical spurfowl species,the bare-throated subgroup includes Yellow-necked Spurfowl(Pternistis leucosceptus),Rednecked Spurfowl(P.afer),Grey-breasted Spurfowl(P.rufopictus) and Swainson’s Spurfowl(P.swainsonii).The rest of the species include fully feathered throated spurfowls.Throat colour intensity of bare throats was scored using an extensive online digital photographic archive encompassing the four species across the year’s seasons.Each throat(n=836) was assigned to one of four colour-intensity categories to explore the relationship between colour intensities,breeding cycles,and environmental variation.Except for Swainson’s Spurfowl male saturation of throat colours correlated with monthly rainfall,which peaks one or two months before egg laying.Swainson’s Spurfowl peaks during egg laying.Yellow-necked Spurfowl has the largest bare throat.Bare-throated spurfowl males perform an elevated courtship display posture above the female to feature their throat colour.No such displays occur in feather-throated spurfowl.Males with low throat colour saturation harbour more ectoparasites on their bare throats than birds with saturated throats.Male Red-necked Spurfowls have significantly larger bare throats than females.The primary function of bare throats probably assists in thermoregulation,particularly in arid regions.The bare throat may have evolved a secondary role in mating.Yellow-necked,Red-necked,and Greybreasted Spurfowls use their saturated throat colours as ornaments to court females during the breeding season.Unobtrusive female throat colours(unsaturated) may discourage male interlopers and predation during egg laying.Saturation appears to be carotenoid-food based.The different colours among the bare-throated species may serve as prezygotic mechanisms that inhibit cross-breeding and explain why

关键词： Bare-throated spurfowls Breeding Colour saturation Ornaments Pternistis spp. sexual size dimorphism