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sea spray induced air-sea heat and salt fluxes based on the wavesteepnessdependent sea spray model

Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2023年第5期42卷 35-41页

作者： Xingkun Xu Joey J.Voermans Changlong Guan Alexander V.Babanin Department of Infrastructure Engineering University of MelbourneVictoria 3010Australia College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266061China Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266061China

sea spray,which comprises amounts of small ocean droplets,plays a significant role in the air-sea coupling,atmospheric and oceanic dynamics,and ***,it remains arduous to arrive at estimates for the efficiency and accuracy of the sea spray induced air-sea heat and salt *** is because the microphysical process of sea spray evolution in the air is of extreme *** this study,we iteratively calculated the sea spray induced air-sea heat and salt fluxes at various weather *** do so,we implemented one novel wave-steepness-dependent sea spray model into a bulk air-sea fluxes algorithm and utilized other sea spray models as *** on the improved wave-dependent bulk turbulent algorithm,we observed that despite the negative contribution of sea spray to the sensible heat fluxes,the sea spray positively contributes to the air-sea latent heat fluxes,leading to an overall increase in the total air-sea heat *** additional heat fluxes caused by sea spray may be the missing critical process that can clarify the discrepancies observed between measured and modelled Tropical Cyclone’s development and *** addition to heat fluxes,we observed that sea spray has significant impacts on the air-sea salt *** the sea salt particles are one of the main sources of the atmosphere aerosol,our results imply that sea spray could impact global and regional ***,given the significance of sea spray on the air-sea boundary layer,sea spray effects need to be considered in studies of air-sea interaction,dynamics of atmosphere and ocean.

关键词： sea spray air-sea heat fluxes air-sea salt fluxes wave

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Derivation of a wave-state-dependent sea spray generation function and its application in estimating sea spray heat flux

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第10期58卷 1862-1871页

作者： LIU Bin GUAN ChangLong XIE LiAn ZHAO DongLiang Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University

A sea spray generation function(SSGF)for bubble-derived droplets that takes into account the impact of wave state on whitecap coverage was presented in this *** combining the new SSGF with a previous wave-state-dependent SSGF for spume droplets,an SSGF applicable to both bubble-derived and spume droplets that includes the impacts of wave state was *** produced SSGF varies with surface wind as well as with wave *** sea surface wind increases,more sea spray droplets are produced,resulting in larger SSGFs and volume ***,under the same wind conditions,the SSGF is mediated by wave state,with larger SSGFs corresponding to older waves and larger windsea Reynolds *** impact of wave state on sea spray heat flux was then estimated by applying this SSGF while considering the thermodynamic feedback *** given atmospheric and oceanic conditions,the estimated sea spray heat flux increases with wind speed,wave age,and windsea Reynolds number.

关键词： wave state sea spray sea spray generation function air-sea heat flux

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An Investigation of the Effects of Wave State and sea spray on an Idealized Typhoon Using an Air-sea Coupled Modeling System

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2012年第2期29卷 391-406页

作者： LIU Bin GUAN Changlong Li’an XIE ZHAO Dongliang Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100

In this study, the impact of atmospherewave coupling on typhoon intensity was investigated using numerical simulations of an idealized typhoon in a coupled atmospherewaveocean modeling system. The coupling between atmosphere and sea surface waves considered the effects of wave state and sea sprays on airsea momentum flux, the atmospheric lowlevel dissipative heating, and the wavestateaffected sea spray heat flux. Several experiments were conducted to examine the impacts of wave state, sea sprays, and dissipative heating on an idealized typhoon system. Results show that considering the wave state and seasprayaffected seasurface roughness reduces typhoon intensity, while including dissipative heating intensifies the typhoon system. Taking into account sea spray heat flux also strengthens the typhoon system with increasing maximum wind speed and significant wave height. The overall impact of atmospherewave coupling makes a positive contribution to the intensification of the idealized typhoon system. The minimum central pressure simulated by the coupled atmospherewave experiment was 16.4 hPa deeper than that of the control run, and the maximum wind speed and significant wave height increased by 31% and 4%, respectively. Meanwhile, within the area beneath the typhoon center, the average total upward airsea heat flux increased by 22%, and the averaged latent heat flux increased more significantly by 31% compared to the uncoupled run.

关键词： wave state sea spray dissipative heating tropical cyclone

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Impacts of sea spray on the boundary layer structure of Typhoon Imbudo

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2013年第11期32卷 21-26页

作者： TANG Jie LI Weibiao CHEN Shumin WANG Lei Department of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Zhaoqing Meteorological Bureau Zhaoqing South China sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

High winds in a typhoon over the ocean can produce substantial amounts of spray in the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer, which can modify the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. However, the consequent effects on the boundary layer structure and the evolution of the typhoon are largely unknown. The focus of this paper is on the role of sea spray on the storm intensity and the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. The case study is Typhoon Imbudo in July 2003. The results show that sea spray tends to intensify storms by increasing the sea surface heat fluxes. Moreover, the effects of sea spray are mainly felt in boundary layer. spray evaporation causes the atmospheric boundary layer to experience cooling and moistening. sea spray can cause significant effects on the structure of boundary layer. The boundary-layer height over the eyewall area east to the center of Typhoon Imbudo was increased with a maximum up to about 550 m due to sea spray, which is closely related with the enhancements of the heat fluxes, upward motions, and horizontal winds in this region due to sea spray.

关键词： sea spray typhoon boundary structure

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Effects of sea spray Evaporation and Dissipative Heating on Intensity and Structure of Tropical Cyclone

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2012年第4期29卷 810-822页

作者：程小平费建芳黄小刚郑静 Institute of Meteorology PLA University of Science and Technology 73061 Troop of PLA

To examine effects of sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating on structure and intensity of a real tropical cyclone, the sea spray flux parameterization scheme was incorporated into the fifth-generation Penn- sylvania State University National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model （MM5）. Sensitivity tests were performed with varying the spray source function intensities and with and without dissipation heating. The numerical results indicate that sea spray evaporation increases the interfaeial sensible heat flux, which is increased by 16% for the moderate spray and 47% for the heavy spray, but has little effect on the interfaeial latent heat flux. The net effect of sea spray evaporation is to decrease the total sensible heat flux and to increase the total latent heat flux. The total enthalpy flux is increased by 1% and 12% with moderate and strong spray amounts, respectively. Consistent with these results, the intensity of the tropical cyclone is increased by 5% and 16% in maximum 10-m wind speed, respectively, due to sea spray evapora- tion. sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating modify the tropical cyclone structure in important but complex ways. The effect of sea spray on the near-surface temperature and moisture depends on the spray amounts and its location within the tropical cyclone. Within the high-wind region of a tropical cyclone, the lower atmosphere becomes cooler and moister due to the evaporation of sea spray. However, the dissipative heating offsets the cooling due to sea spray evaporation, which makes the lower atmosphere warmer.

关键词： sea spray dissipative heat tropical cyclone

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Impact of sea spray on upper ocean temperature during typhoon passage:simulation with a 1-D turbulent model

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第5期33卷 1164-1180页

作者：张连新张学峰韩桂军吴新荣崔晓健邵彩霞孙春健张晓爽王喜冬付红丽 College of Physical and Environmental Oceanography Ocean University of China Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration for Marine Environmental Information Technology National Marine Data and Information ServiceState Oceanic Administration National University of Defense Technology

At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface,sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently,modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model,to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area,for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006,Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory(KEO),and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without,and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes(especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently,the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally,results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik(that passed KEO quickly),which included the sea spray effect,were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi(that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies.

关键词： sea spray upper layer temperature typhoon air-sea heat fluxes

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Modelling Air-sea Fluxes during a Western Pacific Typhoon:Role of sea spray

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2004年第2期21卷 269-276页

作者：黎伟标 Department of Atmospheric Sciences Zhongshan University Guangzhou 510275

It has long been recognized that the evolution of marine storms may be strongly affected by the flux transfer processes over the ocean. High winds in a storm can generate large amounts of spray, which can modify the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. However, the role of sea spray and air-sea processes in western Pacific typhoons has remained elusive. In this study, the impact of sea spray on air-sea fluxes and the evolution of a typhoon over the western Pacific is investigated using a coupled atmosphere-sea-spray modeling system. Through the case study of the recent Typhoon Fengshen from 2002, we found that: (1) sea spray can cause a significant latent heat flux increase of up to 40% of the interfacial fluxes in the typhoon; (2) Taking into account the effects of sea spray, the intensity of the modeled typhoon can be increased by 30% in the 10-m wind speed, which may greatly improve estimates of storm maximum intensity and, to some extent, improve the simulations of overall storm structure in the atmospheric model; (3) The effects of sea spray are mainly focused over the high wind regions around the storm center and are mainly felt in the lower part of the troposphere.

关键词： air-sea flux sea spray typhoon

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The Influence of Wave State and sea spray on Drag Coefficient from Low to High Wind Speeds

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2016年第1期15卷 41-49页

作者： SHI Jian ZHONG Zhong LI Xunqiang JIANG Guorong ZENG Wenhua LI Yan College of Meteorology and Oceanography PLA University of Science and Technology

Ocean waves alter the roughness of sea surface,and sea spray droplets redistribute the momentum flux at the air-sea ***,both wave state and sea spray influence sea surface drag *** on the new sea spray generation function which depends on sea surface wave,a wave-dependent sea spray stress is *** to the relationship between sea spray stress and the total wind stress on the sea surface,a new formula of drag coefficient at high wind speed is *** the analysis of the new drag coefficient,it is shown that the drag coefficient reduces at high wind speed,indicating that the sea spray droplets can limit the increase of drag ***,the value of high wind speed corresponding to the initial reduced drag coefficient is not fixed,and it depends on the wave state,which means the influence of wave cannot be *** between the theoretical and measured sea surface drag coefficients in field and laboratory show that under different wave ages,the theoretical result of drag coefficient could include the measured data,and it means that the new drag coefficient can be used properly from low to high wind speeds under any wave state condition.

关键词： wave state sea spray drag coefficient

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IMPACT OF sea spray ON TROPICAL CYCLONE STRUCTURE AND INTENSITY CHANGE

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2012年第2期18卷 135-145页

作者：曾智华陈联寿包剑文 Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Shanghai Typhoon Institute Laboratory of Typhoon Forecast Technique/China Meteorological Administration Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences China Meteorological Administration NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory

In this paper,the effects of sea spray on tropical cyclone(TC)structure and intensity variation are evaluated through numerical simulations using an advanced sea-spray parameterization from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory(NOAA/ESRL),which is incorporated in the idealized Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW)*** effect of sea spray on TC boundary-layer structure is also *** results show that there is a significant increase in TC intensity when its boundary-layer wind includes the radial and tangential winds,their structure change,and the total surface wind speed *** of the vorticity budget shows that an increase of convergence in TC boundary layer enhances TC vorticity due to the dynamic effect of sea *** main kinematic effect of the friction velocity reduction by sea spray produces an increment of large-scale convergence in the TC boundary layer,while the radial and tangential winds significantly increase with an increment of the horizontal gradient maximum of the radial wind, resulting in a final increase in the simulated TC *** surface enthalpy flux enlarges TC intensity and reduces storm structure change to some degree,which results in a secondary thermodynamic impact on TC *** of the new interpretation of sea-spray effects on TC intensification are also discussed.

关键词： sea spray tropical cyclone structure and intensity change numerical simulation

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Numerical Study on the Impacts of the Bogus Data Assimilation and sea spray Parameterization on Typhoon Ducts

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2013年第3期27卷 308-321页

作者：费建芳丁菊丽黄小刚程小平胡晓华 Institute of Meteorology and Oceanography PLA University of Science and Technology Nanjing 211101 Mailbox 5111 Beijing 100081

The Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.2 （WRF v3.2） was used with the bogus data assimilation （BDA） scheme and sea spray parameterization （SSP）, and experiments were conducted to assess the impacts of the BDA and SSP on prediction of the typhoon ducting process induced by Typhoon Mindule （2004）. The global positioning system （GPS） dropsonde observations were used for comparison, The results show that typhoon ducts are likely to form in every direction around the typhoon center, with the main type of ducts being elevated duct. With the BDA scheme included in the model initialization, the model has a better performance in predicting the existence, distribution, and strength of typhoon ducts. This improvement is attributed to the positive effect of the BDA scheme on the typhoon＇s ambient boundary layer structure. sea spray affects typhoon ducts mainly by changing the latent heat （LH） flux at the air-sea interface beyond 270 km from the typhoon center. The strength of the typhoon duct is enhanced when the boundary layer under this duct is cooled and moistened by the sea spray; otherwise, the typhoon duct is weakened. The sea spray induced changes in the air-sea sensible heat （SH） flux and LH flux are concentrated in the maximum wind speed area near the typhoon center, and the changes are significantly weakened with the increase of the radial range.

关键词： atmospheric duct tropical cyclone the BDA scheme sea spray numerical simulation

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