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OPTIMAL WINDOW GEOMETRY FACTORS FOR ELEMENTARY school buildingS IN PORTUGAL

Journal of Green building 2018年第1期13卷 185-197页

作者： Jorge S.Carlos Centre of Materials and building Technologies(CMADE-UBI) Universidade da Beira InteriorRua Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama6200-001CovilhãPortugal

INTRODUCTION With respect to thermal performance, windows are the weakest component of the building envelope, essentially because the U-value is usually higher than the opaque envelope. This would allow the highest heat conductance of the building envelope. However, it also helps buildings to gain useful solar heat during winter. Therefore, it has been generally accepted that passive buildings would have small windows towards the poles and large windows facing the equator (Persson, Roos, and Wall 2006). In spite of this guideline, large or fully glazed facades have been used in modern architecture. The intensive use of air conditioning is the result of overheating and high thermal loss problems, which otherwise would lead to thermal discomfort. This extensive use of large windows associated with high energy consumption has motivated researchers to study this building component. Window areas were investigated by Persson et al. (Persson, Roos, and Wall 2006) on 20 terraced houses with larger windows facing the equator and built in Gothenburg. The building envelope was well insulated and fitted with energy efficient windows. It was found that energy efficient windows do not have a major influ-ence on the heating demand in the winter, but it is relevant for the cooling need in summer. Therefore, reduced indoor illuminance due to small windows can be solved by enlarging them in order to obtain relevant daylighting conditions. When efficient windows are designed for a warm climate, as in Mexico, reducing heat flux and solar transmittance indoors was the best option for energy savings (Aguilar et al. 2017). However, reducing solar transmittance influences the indoor illuminance, which was not analyzed.

关键词： school building classroom windows solar heat gain daylight

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Seismic Retrofit Program for Taiwan school buildings After 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake

Seismic Retrofit Program for Taiwan School Buildings After 1...

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第四届全国防震减灾工程学术研讨会

作者：蔡克铨黄世建 Professor Dept.of Civil ENGTaiwan UniversityTaipeiChinese Taiwan DirectorCenterfor Research on Earthquake EngineeringTaipeiChinese Taiwan Professor Dept.of Civil ENGTaiwan UniversityTaipeiChinese Taiwan Division HeadCenter for Research on Earthquake EngineeringTaipeiChinese Taiwan

＜正＞Based on the observations made after several major earthquakes occurred in Taiwan, school building has been found most vulnerable to severe earthquake damage among all building *** the seismic design force for school buildings has been 25%higher than the ordinary buildings,its performance to resist strong earthquake has been proved insufficient. Serious casualties and losses may be resulted from the collapse of school buildings under strong ***,school buildings are usually required to serve as emergency shelter soon after a major *** urgent need of seismic performance evaluation and enhancement works is *** of integral planning,lack of seismic resistance along corridors, effects of short columns,embedded pipelines and lack of lateral reinforcement has been found the key factors responsible for the collapse of school buildings.A three-stage strategy for seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing low-rise reinforced concrete school buildings has been proposed. It is based on the common structural types,seismic resistance,possible failure modes and available experimental data,Seismic-deficient school buildings are being retrofitted based on the performance index introduced in this paper.

关键词： school building seismic evaluation seismic retrofit

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