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Variations of temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period and its effect on runoff in the mountainous areas of Northwest China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2013年第1期23卷 17-30页

作者： LI Baofu CHEN Yaning CHEN Zhongsheng LI Weihong ZHANG Baohuan State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography CAS Urumqi 830011 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Water resources in the arid land of Northwest China mainly derive from snow and glacier melt water in mountainous areas. So the study on onset, cessation, length, tempera- ture and precipitation of snowmelt period is of great significance for allocating limited water resources reasonably and taking scientific water resources management measures. Using daily mean temperature and precipitation from 8 mountainous weather stations over the pe- riod 1960-2010 in the arid land of Northwest China, this paper analyzes climate change of snowmelt period and its spatial variations and explores the sensitivity of runoff to length, temperature and precipitation of snowmelt period. The results show that mean onset of snowmelt period has shifted 15.33 days earlier while mean ending date has moved 9.19 days later. Onset of snowmelt period in southern Tianshan Mountains moved 20.01 days earlier while that in northern Qilian Mountains moved only 10.16 days earlier. Mean precipitation and air temperature increased by 47.3 mm and 0.857~C in the mountainous areas of Northwest China, respectively. The precipitation of snowmelt period increased the fastest, which is ob- served in southern Tianshan Mountains, up to 65 mm, and the precipitation and temperature in northern Kunlun Mountains increased the slowest, an increase of 25 mm and 0.617~C, respectively, while the temperature in northern Qilian Mountains increased the fastest, in- creasing by 1.05~C. The annual runoff is also sensitive to the variations of precipitation and temperature of snowmelt period, because variation of precipitation induces annual runoff change by 7.69% while change of snowmelt period temperature results in annual runoff change by 14.15%.

关键词： snowmelt period temperature precipitation runoff mountainous areas of Northwest China

Spatial and temporal variation of runoff of Red River Basin in Yunnan

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2008年第3期18卷 308-318页

作者： LI Yungang HE Daming YE Changqing Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China

This paper studies the variation of runoff of Red River Basin and discusses the influence of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains on variation of runoff by using GIS and statistic methods based on the monthly precipitation,temperature and evaporation data from 1960 to 2000 at 32 meteorological stations in Red River Basin,and the annual runoff data of Yuanjiang River,Lixian River and Panlong River from 1956 to *** results show out：（1）Under the effect of＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the patterns of annual precipitation and runoff depth distribution in spatial change a NW-SE direction,which is similar with the trend of the Red River valley and Ailao mountains.（2）In the long temporal scale averaged over years,the most obvious effects of the＂corridor-barrier＂functions is on runoff variation,and the second is on the precipitation, but not obvious on the temperature.（3）Under the superposed effect of climate changes and the＂corridor-barrier＂functions of valleys and mountains in Red River Basin,the difference of runoff variation is obvious in the east-west direction：the runoff variation of Yuanjiang River along the Red River Fault present an ascending trend,but the Lixian River on the west side of the Fault and the Panlong River on the east present a descending trend;the annual runoff in Yuanjiang River and Panlong River had a quasi-5a periods,and Panlong River had a quasi-8a periods;the runoff variation are quite inconsistent in different periods among the three river basins.

关键词： runoff "corridor-barrier" functions Longitudinal Range-gorge Region Red River Basin

The effects of vegetation on runoff and soil loss:Multidimensional structure analysis and scale characteristics

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018年第1期28卷 59-78页

作者：刘见波高光耀王帅焦磊伍星傅伯杰 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesCAS Joint Center for Global Change Studies University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Tourism and Environment Shaanxi Normal University

This review summarizes the effects of vegetation on runoff and soil loss in three dimensions: vertical vegetation structures(aboveground vegetation cover, surface litter layer and underground roots), plant diversity, vegetation patterns and their scale characteristics. Quantitative relationships between vegetation factors with runoff and soil loss are described. A framework for describing relationships involving vegetation, erosion and scale is proposed. The relative importance of each vegetation dimension for various erosion processes changes across scales. With the development of erosion features(i.e., splash, interrill, rill and gully), the main factor of vertical vegetation structures in controlling runoff and soil loss changes from aboveground biomass to roots. Plant diversity levels are correlated with vertical vegetation structures and play a key role at small scales, while vegetation patterns also maintain a critical function across scales(i.e., patch, slope, catchment and basin/region). Several topics for future study are proposed in this review, such as to determine efficient vegetation architectures for ecological restoration, to consider the dynamics of vegetation patterns, and to identify the interactions involving the three dimensions of vegetation.

关键词： runoff soil loss vertical vegetation structure plant diversity vegetation pattern scale characteristics

Quantitative estimation of the impact of precipita- tion and human activities on runoff change of the Huangfuchuan River Basin

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第5期22卷 906-918页

作者： WANG Suiji YAN Yunxia YAN Ming ZHAO Xiaokun Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences andNatural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China

The runoff of some rivers in the world especially in the arid and semi-arid areas has decreased remarkably with global or regional climate change and enhanced human activities. The runoff decrease in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China has brought severe problems in livelihoods and ecology. To reveal the variation characteristics, trends of runoff and their influencing factors have been important scientific issues for drainage basin man- agement. The objective of this study was to analyze the variation trends of the runoff and quantitatively assess the contributions of precipitation and human activities to the runoff change in the Huangfuchuan River Basin based on the measured data in 1960-2008. Two inflection points （turning years） of 1979 and 1998 for the accumulative runoff change, and one inflection point of 1979 for the accumulative precipitation change were identified using the methods of accumulative anomaly analysis. The linear relationships between year and ac- cumulative runoff in 1960-1979, 1980-1997 and 1998-2008 and between year and accu- mulative precipitation in 1960-1979 and 1980-2008 were fitted. A new method of slope change ratio of accumulative quantity （SCRAQ） was put forward and used in this study to calculate the contributions of different factors to the runoff change. Taking 1960-1979 as the base period, the contribution rate of the precipitation and human activities to the decreased runoff was 36.43% and 63.57% in 1980-1997, and 16.81% and 83.19% in 1998-2008, re- spectively. The results will play an important role in the drainage basin management. More- over, the new method of SCRAQ can be applied in the quantitative evaluation of runoff change and impacts by different factors in the river basin of arid and semi-arid areas.

关键词： runoff precipitation variation trend human activities contribution rate Huangfuchuan River Basin

The influence of climate change and human activities on runoff in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River Basin, China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018年第1期28卷 79-92页

作者：高超阮甜 Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques Ningbo University College of Territorial Resources and Tourism Anhui Normal University Climate Change and Water Resource Center of Jiang-Huai Basin Anhui Normal University

This study presents a soil and water integrated model(SWIM) and associated statistical analyses for the Huaihe River Basin(HRB) based on daily meteorological, river runoff, and water resource data encompassing the period between 1959 and 2015. The aim of this research is to quantitatively analyze the rate of contribution of upstream runoff to that of the midstream as well as the influence of climate change and human activities in this section of the river. Our goal is to explain why extreme precipitation is concentrated in the upper reaches of the HRB while floods tend to occur frequently in the middle reaches of this river basin. Results show that the rate of contribution of precipitation to runoff in the upper reaches of the HRB is significantly higher than temperature. Data show that the maximum contribution rate of upstream runoff to that of the midstream can be as high as 2.23%, while the contribution of temperature is just 0.38%. In contrast, the rate of contribution of human activities to runoff is 87.20% in the middle reaches of the HRB, while that due to climate change is 12.80%. Frequent flood disasters therefore occur in the middle reaches of the HRB because of the combined effects of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches and human activities in the middle sections.

关键词： runoff climate change human activity contribution rate Huaihe River Basin

runoff and Sediment Load from the Right Bank Valleys of Mosul Dam Reservoir

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2012年第10期6卷 1405-1410页

作者： Mohammad Ezz-Aldeen Mohammad Nadhir A1-Ansari Sven Knutsson College of Engineering Mosul University Mosul 41002 Iraq Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea 97187 Sweden

Mosul Dam is a Multipurpose Project on the River Tigris in Iraq with 11.11 billion m3 storage capacity. It is used to store the water for irrigation, hydropower generation, and flood control. As in other dams in the world, this dam also have sedimentation problem. Sediment accumulation in its reservoir can effect the dam operation （pumping station, hydropower plants, and bottom outlets） and it will definitely shorten the life span of the dam. In this study, the SWAT （soil and water assessment tool） under （]IS （Geographical Information System） was applied to simulate the yearly surface rtmoff and sediment load for the main three valleys on the right bank of Mosul Dam Reservoir. The simulation considered for the twenty one years begin from the dam operation in 1988 to 2008. The resultant values of the average annual sediment load are 35.6~ 103, 4.9 ~ 103, and 2.2~ 103 ton, while the average values of sediment concentration are 1.73, 1.65, and 2.73 kg/m3 for the considered valleys one, two and three respectively. This implies that significant sediment load enters the reservoir from these valleys. To minimize the sediment load entering the reservoir, a check dam is to be constructed in suitable sites especially for valley one. The check dam can store the runoff water and trap the sediment load, and then the flow can be released to the reservoir.

关键词： Mosul dam runoff sediment load SWAT model GIS

runoff and Sediment Modeling Using SWAT in Gumera Catchment, Ethiopia

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2013年第4期3卷 196-205页

作者： Kaleab Habte Michael Mamo Manoj K. Jain Department of Hydrology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee India.

This study was undertaken to examine the applicability of the SWAT model in Gumera river basin upstream of Lake Tana, Ethiopia for simulating stream runoff and sediment load. The area of river basin was discretized into 24 sub-catchments using ArcSWAT interface of the model. The semi automated Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI2) and fully automated Parameter Solution (ParaSol) calibration process built in SWAT calibration and uncertainty program (SWAT-CUP) were used to calibrate the model parameters using time series of flow and sediment load data of 1994 to 2002 and validated with the observed data from years 2003 to 2006. The performance of the model was evaluated using statistical and graphical methods to assess the capability of the model in simulating the runoff and sediment yield for the study area. The coefficient of determination (R2) and NSE values for the daily runoff by using [ParaSol] optimization technique was obtained as 0.72 and 0.71 respectively for the calibration period and 0.79 and 0.78 respectively for the validation period, R2 and NSE values of monthly flow calibration using SUFI2 are 0.83 and 0.78 respectively for validation it was 0.93 and 0.93. For monthly sediment yield by using SUFI2 calibration technique the model evaluation coefficients R2 and NS for calibration was computed as 0.61 and 0.60 respectively, for validation it was 0.84 and 0.83 respectively. The sensitivity analysis on 13 runoff producing parameters was also carried out and discussed.

关键词： Calibration Validation runoff Sediment Yield SWAT-CUP SUFI2 ParaSol

runoff-Water Properties from Various Soils as Affected by Struvite-Phosphorus Source and Water Type

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2023年第10期14卷 789-823页

作者： Machaela Morrison Kristofor R. Brye Gerson Drescher Jennie Popp Lisa S. Wood Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville USA Department of Agricultural Economics & Agribusiness University of Arkansas Fayetteville USA

Struvite (MgNH4PO4?6H2O) can be produced from municipal wastewater and has been shown to be an alternative fertilizer-phosphorus (P) source for various crops, but little is known about the runoff-water-quality implications from soil-applied struvite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil [Creldon (Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs), Dapue (Fluventic Hapludolls), Roxana (Typic Udifluvents), and Calloway (Aquic Fraglossudalfs) series], fertilizer-P source [synthetically produced electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECSTsyn), real-wastewater-derived ECST (ECSTreal), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), and monoammonium phosphate (MAP)], and water source (rainwater, groundwater, and struvite-removed real wastewater) over time on runoff-water-quality parameters from laboratory-conducted, rainfall-runoff simulations. Mesh tea bags containing each soil-fertilizer treatment combination were rained on with each water source (Trial 1), incubated for 6 months, and rained on again (Trial 2) to evaluate runoff-water quality. Struvite fertilizers had similar runoff-water-quality properties to those from MAP. In Trial 1, runoff total P (TP) concentration differences (i.e., soil-fertilizer-water-type response minus control response minus blank response) from ECSTsyn or ECSTreal were 1 to 5 times larger than MAP and CPST for all water-soil-fertilizer-P source treatment combinations, except for the Creldon-groundwater and Roxana-wastewater combinations. In both trials, runoff TP decreased over time in all water-soil and soil-fertilizer-P source treatment combinations, except for the Roxana-CPST combination where TP increased over time by 46%. The similar water-quality responses from the struvite fertilizers among the various soils and water types compared to MAP suggest that struvite has similar runoff-water-quality implications as at least one widely used, commercially available fertilizer-P source.

关键词： Rainfall Simulation runoff Struvite Phosphorus Water Quality

runoff Estimation for Suggested Water Harvesting Sites in the Northern Jordanian Badia

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2012年第3期4卷 127-132页

作者： Saad Al Ayyash Rida Al-Adamat Hani Al-Amoush Odeh Al-Meshan Zahir Rawjefih Akram Shdeifat Adnan Al-Harahsheh Mohammed Al-Farajat Al al-Bayt University Mafraq Jordan Jordan Badia Research Programme Amman Jordan Jordan University for Science and Technology Irbid Jordan Mutah University Karak Jordan

Jordan is characterized by severe weather conditions, therefore great temporal and spatial variations in rainfall;runoff and evaporation amounts are expected. Water harvesting has been practiced in Jordan throughout history for both irrigation and household purposes. A major research project was carried out in the Jordanian Badia on site selection criteria for rain water harvesting systems based on the integration between indigenous knowledge and the use of Geo-informatics. This work was followed by conducting a geophysical and soil investigation for five potential sites. In this study, GIS was used to investigate the potential of having enough runoff in the five selected sites to establish water harvesting dams based on rainfall, evaporation data and catchments’ areas for the selected sites. It was found that the estimated runoff that could be harvested on annual basis at these sites varies between 0.2 Million Cubic Meters (MCM) in Alaasra site to 0.82 MCM in Al-Manareh (Al-Ghuliasi) site. This indicates that these sites have the potential for small scale water harvesting that could be utilized by local livestock owners in the area to water their livestock.

关键词： Water Harvesting Rainfall runoff Badia Jordan