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Porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第1期50卷 85-98页

作者： SUN Chuanxiang NIE Haikuan SU Haikun DU Wei LU Ting CHEN Yalin LIU Mi LI Jingchang State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 102206China Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute Beijing 102206China Sinopec Key Laboratory of Shale Oil/Gas Exploration&Production Beijing 102206China School of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Sinopec Jianghan Oilfield CompanyWuhan 430223China

To investigate the porosity, permeability and rock mechanics of deep shale under temperature-pressure coupling, we selected the core samples of deep shale from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Weirong and Yongchuan areas of the Sichuan Basin for porosity and permeability experiments and a triaxial compression and sound wave integration experiment at the maximum temperature and pressure of 120 ℃ and 70 MPa. The results show that the microscopic porosity and permeability change and the macroscopic rock deformation are mutually constrained, both showing the trend of steep and then gentle variation. At the maximum temperature and pressure, the porosity reduces by 34%–71%, and the permeability decreases by 85%–97%. With the rising temperature and pressure, deep shale undergoes plastic deformation in which organic pores and clay mineral pores are compressed and microfractures are closed, and elastic deformation in which brittle mineral pores and rock skeleton particles are compacted. Compared with previous experiments under high confining pressure and normal temperature,the experiment under high temperature and high pressure coupling reveals the effect of high temperature on stress sensitivity of porosity and permeability. High temperature can increase the plasticity of the rock, intensify the compression of pores due to high confining pressure, and induce thermal stress between the rock skeleton particles, allowing the reopening of shale bedding or the creation of new fractures along weak planes such as bedding, which inhibits the decrease of permeability with the increase of temperature and confining pressure. Compared with the triaxial mechanical experiment at normal temperature, the triaxial compression experiment at high temperature and high pressure demonstrates that the compressive strength and peak strain of deep shale increase significantly due to the coupling of temperature and pressure. The compressive strength is up to 435 MPa and the peak strain exceeds 2%, indicating that high temperature is n

关键词： Sichuan Basin Longmaxi Formation deep shale gas porosity permeability rock mechanics high temperature and high pressure triaxial compression

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Dynamic mechanical characteristics of deep Jinping marble in complex stress environments

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Journal of rock mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第2期16卷 630-644页

作者： Chendi Lou Heping Xie Ru Zhang Hai Ren Hao Luo Kun Xiao Yuan Peng Qiang Tan Li Ren Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction Sichuan UniversityChengdu610207China College of Water Resource&Hydropower Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science&Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China Yalong River Hydropower Development Company Ltd.Chengdu610051China (Chongqing)International Engineering Technology Company Ltd.Chongqing401121China

To reveal the dynamic mechanical characteristics of deep rocks,a series of impact tests under triaxial static stress states corresponding to depths of 300-2400 m were conducted.The results showed that both the strain rates and the stress environments in depth significantly affect the mechanical characteristics of rocks.The sensitivity of strain rate to the dynamic strength and deformation modulus shows a negative correlation with depth,indicating that producing penetrative cracks in deep environments is more difficult when damage occurs.The dynamic strength shows a tendency to decrease and then increase slightly,but decreases sharply finally.Transmissivity demonstrates a similar trend as that of strength,whereas reflectivity indicates the opposite trend.Furthermore,two critical depths with high dynamically induced hazard possibilities based on the China Jinping Underground Laboratory(CJPL)were proposed for deep engineering.The first critical depth is 600-900 m,beyond which the sensitivity of rock dynamic characteristics to the strain rate and restraint of circumferential stress decrease,causing instability of surrounding rocks under axial stress condition.The second one lies at 1500-1800 m,where the wave impedance and dynamic strength of deep surrounding rocks drop sharply,and the dissipation energy presents a negative value.It suggests that the dynamic instability of deep surrounding rocks can be divided into dynamic load dominant and dynamic load induced types,depending on the second critical depth.

关键词： rock mechanics Split-Hopkinson pressure bar Coupled static‒dynamic loading Different depths Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)model

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Development and applications of the quasi‐dynamic triaxial apparatus for deep rocks

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Deep Underground Science and Engineering 2024年第1期3卷 70-90页

作者： Jinzhi Luo Yanyan Cai Jin Yu Jianzhi Zhang Yaoliang Zhu Yao Wei School of Civil Engineering Huaqiao UniversityXiamenFujianChina Zijin School of Geology and Mining Fuzhou UniversityFuzhouChina

The mechanical behaviors of deep rocks have always posed a challenge for the implementation and safe operation of major underground engineering projects.To this end,this study modified the existing mainstream rock mechanics instruments equipped with a dynamic disturbance loading system and developed a second‐generation TFD‐2000/D triaxial instrument.The first‐generation device is equipped with an independent disturbance system and an advanced EDC‐580 all‐digital servo controller,which can apply disturbing load independently,implement the function of cyclic disturbance,and combine dynamic and static disturbances.The instrument was found to be reliable for use in analyzing the damage process of rocks in the disturbance test of marbles.The second‐generation instrument tackles three limitations of the first‐generation instrument:(i)it upgrades the strain measurement system and uses extensometers with linear variable differential transformers to accurately measure deformation;(ii)it uses the self‐balanced chamber to replace the Hoek–Franklin triaxial cell and auto‐balancing triaxial pressure chamber;and(iii)the loading rod is independently equipped with an EDC‐580 all‐digital servo controller,which measures precise loads.The experimental findings confirmed that the second‐generation instrument can be used for rock mechanics testing under cyclic disturbance loading,the disturbance–stress relaxation cycle,and the creep–fatigue cycle.In this sense,the second‐generation instrument can be a useful addition to deep rock mechanical instruments and provide a valuable reference.

关键词： complex stress conditions deep rock disturbance loading modification of instrument rock mechanics

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Application and prospective of 3D printing in rock mechanics: A review

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2021年第1期28卷 1-17页

作者： Yong-tao Gao Tian-hua Wu Yu Zhou Key Laboratory of Ministry for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China School of Civil and Resource Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

This review aims to discuss the application and development of three-dimensional printing(3DP) technology in the field of rock mechanics and the mechanical behaviors of 3D-printed specimens on the basis of various available printing materials.This review begins with a brief description of the concepts and principles associated with 3DP, and then systematically elaborates the five major applications of 3DP technology in the field of rock mechanics, namely, the preparation of rock(including pre-flawed rock) specimens, preparation of joints, preparation of geophysical models, reconstruction of complex rock structures, and performance of bridging experimental testing and numerical simulation.Meanwhile, the mechanical performance of 3D-printed specimens created using six different printing materials, such as polymers, resin,gypsum, sand, ceramics, and rock-like geological materials, is reviewed in detail.Subsequently, some improvements that can make these 3D-printed specimens close to natural rocks and some limitations of 3DP technology in the application of rock mechanics are discussed.Some prospects that are required to be investigated in the future are also proposed.Finally, a brief summary is presented.This review suggests that 3DP technology, especially when integrated with other advanced technologies, such as computed tomography scanning and 3D scanning, has great potential in rock mechanics field.

关键词： three-dimensional printing(3DP) rock mechanics 3DP material rock analogue 3DP geotechnical model numerical simulation

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Effects of seepage pressure on the mechanical behaviors and microstructure of sandstone

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Journal of rock mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第6期16卷 2033-2051页

作者： Xuewei Liu Juxiang Chen Bin Liu Sai Wang Quansheng Liu Jin Luo State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China Faculty of Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China Key Laboratory of Safety for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering of Hubei Province School of Civil EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China

Surrounding rocks of underground engineering are subjected to long-term seepage pressure,which can deteriorate the mechanical properties and cause serious disasters.In order to understand the impact of seepage pressure on the mechanical property of sandstone,uniaxial compression tests,P-wave velocity measurements,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)tests were conducted on saturated sandstone samples with varied seepage pressures(i.e.0 MPa,3 MPa,4 MPa,5 MPa,6 MPa,7 MPa).The results demonstrate that the mechanical parameters(uniaxial compressive strength,peak strain,elastic modulus,and brittleness index),total energy,elastic strain energy,as well as elastic strain energy ratio,decrease with increasing seepage pressure,while the dissipation energy and dissipation energy ratio increase.Moreover,as seepage pressure increases,the micro-pores gradually transform into meso-pores and macro-pores.This increases the cumulative porosity of sandstone and decreases P-wave velocity.The numerical results indicate that as seepage pressure rises,the number of tensile cracks increases progressively,the angle range of microcracks is basically from 50-120to 80-100,and as a result,the failure mode transforms to the tensile-shear mixed failure mode.Finally,the effects of seepage pressure on mechanical properties were discussed.The results show that decrease in the effective stress and cohesion under the action of seepage pressure could lead to deterioration of strength behaviors of sandstone.

关键词： rock mechanics Mechanical property Seepage pressure Numerical simulation Microcracks

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Application of artificial intelligence to rock mechanics:An overview

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Journal of rock mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2021年第1期13卷 248-266页

作者： Abiodun Ismail Lawal Sangki Kwon Department of Energy Resources Engineering Inha UniversityYong-Hyun DongNam KuIncheonSouth Korea Department of Mining Engineering Federal University of TechnologyAkureNigeria

Different artificial intelligence(AI)methods have been applied to various aspects of rock mechanics,but the fact that none of these methods have been used as a standard implies that doubt as to their generality and validity still exists.For this,a literature review of application of AI to the field of rock mechanics is presented.Comprehensive studies of the researches published in the top journals relative to the fields of rock mechanics,computer applications in engineering,and the textbooks were conducted.The performances of the AI methods that have been used in rock mechanics applications were evaluated.The literature review shows that AI methods have successfully been used to solve various problems in the rock mechanics field and they performed better than the traditional empirical,mathematical or statistical methods.However,their practical applicability is still an issue of concern as many of the existing AI models require some level of expertise before they can be used,because they are not in the form of tractable mathematical equations.Thus some advanced AI methods are still yet to be explored.The limited availability of dataset for the AI simulations is also identified as a major problem.The solutions to the identified problems and the possible future research focus were proposed in the study subsequently.

关键词： Artificial intelligence(AI) rock mechanics Literature review Statistical method

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Progress on rock mechanics research of Beishan granite for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China

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rock mechanics Bulletin 2023年第3期2卷 15-31页

作者： Liang Chen Xingguang Zhao Jian Liu Hongsu Ma Chunping Wang Haiyang Zhang Ju Wang CAEA Innovation Center for Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste Beijing100029China Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology Beijing100029China

The mechanical behavior of host rock for a deep geological repository of high-level radioactive waste plays a key role in ensuring the isolation function of host rock as a natural barrier under the multi-field coupling environment.For a better understanding of granite in China's Beishan pre-selected area for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste,a series of investigations were carried out on in-situ stress field of rock mass at depth,strength and deformation characteristics of rocks under different stress and temperature conditions,and rock boreability and adaptability to Tunnel Boring Machine(TBM)technology.The results indicate that Beishan granite shows typical characteristics as a hard and brittle rock with a quite low permeability,and it is favorable to geological disposal.Meanwhile,a new rock mass suitability evaluation system was proposed,and the rock mass mainly composed of Beishan granite was proven to be suitable for geological disposal.Besides,the constructability of Beishan granite at engineering scale was tested and verified through field tests in the Beishan Exploration Tunnel(BET).Here,we summarize the main outcomes of rock mechanics research on Beishan granite in the past years and introduced the current progress of Beishan underground research laboratory(URL)for geological disposal.

关键词： rock mechanics Granite Underground research laboratory Geological disposal Beishan area

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Key issues in rock mechanics of the Three Gorges Project in China

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Journal of rock mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2011年第4期3卷 329-342页

作者： Qixiang Fan Hongbing Zhu Xuchun Chen China Three Gorges Corporation Yichang 443002 China

The Three Gorges Project is one of the essential key projects for flood controlling and water resources regulation in the Yangtze River. The project includes a river-crossing dam, underground powerhouses, and navigation structures. Because of the huge size and complicated construction technologies, the project faced a series of challenging engineering issues. In terms of rock mechanics, there are many key technical issues, including the sliding resistance and stability of the dam section along the foundations of powerhouses No.l-5, the ,,;lope stability of the double-line five-stage shiplock, excavation of large-scale underground powerhouses, and curtain grouting under the dam. With decades of scientific research and 16 years of practical construction experiences and reservoir operations, these key technical issues in construction of the Three Gorges Project are successfully resolved, which will attribute to the development of hydropower technology. On the basis of the monitoring data during construction and normal operation periods of the Three Gorges Project, this paper presents a systematic analysis of these key rock mechanical issues in terms of behaviors, solutions, dynamic controlling, monitoring arrangement and integrated assessment.

关键词： Three Gorges Project rock mechanics dam sliding resistance and stability high shiplock slope undergroundpowerhouses curtain grouting

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Development of an improved three-dimensional rough discrete fracture network model:Method and application

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2023年第12期33卷 1469-1485页

作者： Peitao Wang Chi Ma Bo Zhang Qi Gou Wenhui Tan Meifeng Cai Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mine University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining CHN Energy Shendong Coal Group Co.Ltd.Beijing 102201China School of Civil and Resources Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

Structure plane is one of the important factors affecting the stability and failure mode of rock mass engineering.rock mass structure characterization is the basic work of rock mechanics research and the important content of numerical simulation.A new 3-dimensional rough discrete fracture network(RDFN3D)model and its modeling method based on the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot(W-M)function were presented in this paper.The RDFN3D model,which improves and unifies the modelling methods for the complex structural planes,has been realized.The influence of fractal dimension,amplitude,and surface precision on the modeling parameters of RDFN3D was discussed.The reasonable W-M parameters suitable for the roughness coefficient of JRC were proposed,and the relationship between the mathematical model and the joint characterization was established.The RDFN3D together with the smooth 3-dimensional discrete fracture network(DFN3D)models were successfully exported to the drawing exchange format,which will provide a wide application in numerous numerical simulation codes including both the continuous and discontinuous methods.The numerical models were discussed using the COMSOL Multiphysics code and the 3-dimensional particle flow code,respectively.The reliability of the RDFN3D model was preliminarily discussed and analyzed.The roughness and spatial connectivity of the fracture networks have a dominant effect on the fluid flow patterns.The research results can provide a new geological model and analysis model for numerical simulation and engineering analysis of jointed rock mass.

关键词： Jointed rock mass Discrete fracture network Roughness Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function 3D modeling rock mechanics

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A review of fracture mechanic behaviors of rocks containing various defects

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Underground Space 2023年第5期12卷 102-115页

作者： Fei Zhao Zhenming Shi Songbo Yu Hongchao Zheng Department of Geotechnical Engineering College of Civil EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering Ministry of EducationTongii UniversityShanghai 200092China

The existence of defects in a rock mass is a vital factor complicating the mechanical response of the rock mass under stress.The characteristics of defects control the rock mass’s mechanical behaviors.This report reviews the experimental studies on the influence of simulating the internal defects of rock mass’s mechanical properties.The effects of preexisting defects(shape,size,number,angle,and other factors)on the mechanical properties and failure modes of the rock are investigated from the perspectives of rock failure and fracture mechanics.The fracture propagation mechanisms of different defective rock masses are analyzed by studying the stress state of different defective rock masses under uniaxial compression.After the defective rock samples with varying inclination angles are destroyed,the relationship among the compressive strength,the fracture propagation,and the failure characteristics is explored.The primary findings are as follows.The increase in the size and number of defects rapidly damages the mechanical properties of the rock and intensifies defect penetration and expansion.The rock mechanics characteristics of fissured rocks with different inclination angles show two primary variations:one is a continuous increase,and the other is a decrease followed by an increase.This result is strongly related to the failure pattern of rocks with preexisting fissures.This investigation is crucial for further studying the failure modes of complex defective rock masses and the geotechnical engineering related to defective rocks.

关键词： rock mechanics Preexisting defects Failure patterns Fracture characteristics

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