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Numerical Simulation on Rheologic Fracture Process of rock cavern Roof

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Numerical Simulation on Rheologic Fracture Process of Rock C...

The 4th Pacific Rim Conference on Rheology

作者： Zhi-yin Wang Zhi-fa Yang Yun-peng LiChina University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Institute of Geology and Geophysics CAS 100029 China

＜正＞ There are some damage and separating deformation in the roof of some rock cavern. According to in-situ investigation and measurement, separating deformation of roof at the cavern exit reached about 75mm -78mm, and there are damage and fracture phenomenon like cantilever beam at lateral side of cavern roof. In order to research into the fracture process of the roof for the cavern and long-term stability, the numerical simulation and back analysis on rheologic fracture are carried out by using in-situ measured damage pattern and deformation data, based on the tracking method of maximum tensile stress and the back analysis of rheologic fracture presented by authors. In the process of back analysis, the orthogonal experiment is used to design 27 kinds of the schemes of numerical simulation. The optimum scheme of parameters which are composed of the rheologic parameters of rock layer and thin double-layer and other sensitive parameters is obtained by analyzing the orthogonal experiment results. The long-term stability and the process of rheologic fracture are analyzed utilizing the obtained optimum scheme. The calculated results show that the separating deformation the roof at the cavern exit is 54.24mm and the fracture location is same as the location of in-situ fracture. In addition, the separation deformation of roof at the cavern recess is also very obvious in rheologic numerical simulation, and the phenomenon is similar to the apparent form of in-situ observed deformation.

关键词： rock cavern rheological fracture separating deformation.

Design,construction and mechanical behavior of relics of complete large Longyou rock caverns carved in argillaceous siltstone ground

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Journal of rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2011年第2期3卷 131-152页

作者： Zhifa Yang1, Zhongqi Yue2, Lihui Li1 1 Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 2 Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Department of Civil Engineering the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

This paper presents a comprehensive summary of data, analyses and findings from the investigations over the past twelve years about the relics of large Longyou rock caverns carved about 2 000 years ago at shallow depths in argillaceous siltstone. The paper presents the typical features associated with the rock caverns. They include structures, large spans, portals, extreme shallow-buried depths, imprints, drainages, inclined ceiling, inclined sidewalls, slender rock pillars, rock staircases, site and strata selections, caving lighting, carving method, and underground construction surveying. They are used to reconstruct and highlight the design and construction methods adopted by the ancients. The paper further demonstrates that the relics of the complete large rock caverns are a consequence of coincidental combinations of ancient human effort and natural factors. The full occupation of water with weak acidity in the large rock caverns with the soft surrounding rocks of weak alkalinity is found to be the main factor ensuring and preserving the caverns to have been stable and integral over 2 000 years. However, the five unwatered complete rock cavern relics have been experiencing various deteriorations and small failures including cracks, seepage, small rock falls and delaminating ceiling rocks. Although these deteriorations have been repaired and stabilized effectively, the paper demonstrates that an entire roof collapse failure is highly possible in the near future to each of the five unwatered rock cavern relics. The findings presented in this paper are also invaluable both to the long-term protection and preservation of the large rock cavern relics of national and international interests and importance, and to extend and enrich our experience and knowledge on the long-term stability and integrity of man-made underground rock cavern engineering projects.

关键词： rock cavern rock mechanics rock engineering long-term stability and integrity argillaceous siltstone environment

Waterproof of rock joint with lead strip for splitting tuff sheet in ancient China quarrying caverns

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2012年第4期55卷 960-969页

作者： YANG ZhiFa ZHANG LuQing YUE ZhongQi ZHANG ZhongJian YANG TianYao LIN XianJian TAO KeJie ZHU JieWang Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Department of Civil Engineering University ofHong Kong Hong Kong China Shepandao Hotspring Resort Co. Ltd. Sanmen 317100 China State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Civil Engineering Institute Shandong Construction University Jinan 250001 China

This paper presents the relics of rock joints caulked with lead strips, unearthed by the authors in 2007 and 2008. The relics were in ancient quarry caverns in Shepan Island, Zhejiang Province, eastern China. The quarry activities were mainly carried out for production of regular tuff stone plates about 800 years ago. Each of the lead strips was sealed into a rock joint by punching manually and carefully. At present, the lead strips still contact tightly with the rock joints and new mineral cerussite is found to have formed at the contact surfaces between the lead strip and its caulked rock joint. The use of lead strips caulking rock joints in quarry caverns is found for prevention of water from seeping out of the country rocks into quarry cavern bases, where all of the in-situ intact tuff rock was manually and near-horizontally split into thin rock sheets one by one for production of regular tuff plates. Furthermore, it is found that the tensile splitting of tuff sheets at the cavern base required the intact rocks at the cavern base had to be dry. Through this horizontal base splitting for tuff sheets from the top to the bottom, a dome-shape interior space was formed for each rock cavern with the near horizontal imprints of thin sheet layers permanently on the sidewalls.

关键词： rock cavern lead strips sealant joints waterproof tuff splitting quarry

Design,construction and mechanical behavior of relics of complete large Longyou rock caverns carved in argillaceous siltstone ground

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Design,construction and mechanical behavior of relics of com...

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所第11届（2011年度）学术年会

作者： Zhifa Yang~1,Zhongqi Yue~(2*),Lihui Li~1 1 Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Acadetny of Sciences,Beijing,100029,China Department of Civil Engineering,the University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,China

This paper presents a comprehensive summary of data,analyses and findings from the investigations over the past twelve years about the relics of large Longyou rock caverns carved about 2 000 years ago at shallow depths in argillaceous *** paper presents the typical features associated with the rock *** include structures,large spans, portals,extreme shallow-buried depths,imprints,drainages,inclined ceiling,inclined sidewalk,slender rock pillars,rock staircases,site and strata selections,caving lighting,carving method,and underground construction *** are used to reconstruct and highlight the design and construction methods adopted by the *** paper further demonstrates that the relics of the complete large rock caverns are a consequence of coincidental combinations of ancient human effort and natural *** full occupation of water with weak acidity in the large rock caverns with the soft surrounding rocks of weak alkalinity is found to be the main factor ensuring and preserving the caverns to have been stable and integral over 2 000 ***,the five unwatered complete rock cavern relics have been experiencing various deteriorations and small failures including cracks,seepage,small rock falls and delaminatirtg ceiling *** these deteriorations have been repaired and stabilized effectively,the paper demonstrates that an entire roof collapse failure is highly possible in the near future to each of the five unwatered rock cavern *** findings presented in this paper are also invaluable both to the long-term protection and preservation of the large rock cavern relics of national and international interests and importance, and to extend and enrich our experience and knowledge on the long-term stability and integrity of man-made underground rock cavern engineering projects.

关键词： rock cavern rock mechanics rock engineering long-term stability and integrity argillaceous siltstone environment

A hypothesis for crack free interior surfaces of Longyou caverns caved in argillaceous siltstone 2000 years ago

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2010年第2期4卷 165-177页

作者： Zhong Qi YUE Shaopeng FAN Zhifa YANG Lihui LI Luqing ZHANG Zhongjian ZHANG Civil Engineering Department The University of Hong KongHong KongChina Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

Five complete caverns were discovered in Longyou in *** were manually caved in argillaceous siltstone at shallow depths more than 2000 years *** they were un-watered,their integrity was maintained completely,and their interior rock surfaces were free of old *** then,however,the rock's interior faces have initiated and propagated more and more *** paper attempts to address the question of why the rock interior faces were free of old cracks once they were *** address this question,this paper proposes a hypothesis that the argillaceous siltstone has the ability of self-healing its cracks over a short period of time under weak acid water *** and evidence are presented herewith to prove the *** include observations and measurements in the field and test results in the ***,a three-point bending test is used to form a tensile crack in a rectangular rock specimen and a deadload test for the specimen immersed in initially weak acid water is used for self-healing its *** results have shown that the argillaceous siltstone is in a state of weak alkalinity and the rain water at the site is in a state of weak ***,when it is immersed in weak acid water for some time,the argillaceous siltstone would be able to make chemical reactions to generate new minerals such as *** new minerals would be able to infill the cracks and then heal the crack within a few *** the crack is self-healed,the rock can regain its strength and ***,the rock interior surfaces could be free of old cracks when the water was pumped out of the caverns.

关键词： rock cavern grotto Longyou argillaceous siltstone crack water environment self-healing

rock engineering problems related to underground hydrocarbon storage

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Journal of rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2010年第4期2卷 289-297页

作者： Ming Lu SINTEF rock Engineering TrondheimNorway

Oil and gas can be stored underground by a variety of means,such as in depleted oil and gas fields,in aquifers,in rock salt caverns,in unlined mined rock caverns,in lined shallow caverns and abandoned *** types of underground storages require different geological and hydrogeological conditions and are associated with different rock engineering ***,the common issue is to ensure the gas-and oil-tightness of storage *** other words,the stored oil and gas must not escape from the storage *** may be realized by different means according to the types of storages and the sites geological *** are basically two approaches of gas leakage control,*** control and hydrodynamic *** latter involves the use of a water curtain system in many cases,which creates an artificial hydraulic boundary condition and helps to establish the required groundwater condition when *** addition to the common problems,the underground storage of liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) requires special attentions to the opening of rock joints,which result from the tensile thermal stress induced by the low storage *** care must be taken in choosing abandoned mines for oil and gas-storage since it is quite rare that the natural site conditions can meet the usual requirements,in particular for the gas *** paper provides a general description of the gas leakage control for underground oil and gas storage projects,and addresses various rock engineering problems associated with selected types of storages in detail.

关键词： oil storage gas storage rock cavern rock mechanics gas leakage

Planning and Architectural Considerations of Underground Science City in Singapore

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Planning and Architectural Considerations of Underground Sci...

第12届国际地下空间联合研究中心年会

作者： Jian ZHAO Jungang CAI①Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL) Laboratory for rock Mechanics Switzerland②Tritech Consultants Pte Ltd Singapore

＜正＞The Kent Ridge Park,covering approximately 300,000 m2,is located on the Kent Ridge hill, between Science Park 1 and Science Parks 2 and *** Underground Science City（USC） is proposed to be located underneath the Kent Ridge Park,as an underground facility for scientific research and *** is also planned to be an link for the existing Science *** on comprehensive geological investigation,feasibility and potential locations for cavern development are identified. The planning of the USC follows the appropriate planning approach and process,including surface development, access location and number of shafts,parking requirement, connection between the two existing science parks,cavern size and functional suitability,phased development and future expansion,and components of underground cavern *** design aspects for the different layouts and design options are compared in terms of space capacity and occupancy,cavern orientation,primary rock support requirements,excavation methods and equipments,construction sequence,life safety consideration, design of mechanical,electrical,fire protection and communication,and,estimated construction *** preferred design is a shallow cavern complex with a large attractive gateway building,which indudes a desirable open atrium to the underground space *** atrium provides daylight,entry transition and a clear connection to the surface,all very important psychological benefits for underground space.

关键词： underground space planning architecture environment rock cavern

Waterproof of rock joint with lead strip for splitting tuff sheet in ancient China quarrying caverns

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Waterproof of rock joint with lead strip for splitting tuff ...

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2012年度（第12届）学术年会

This paper presents the relics of rock joints caulked with lead strips,unearthed by the authors in 2007 and *** relics were in ancient quarry caverns in Sliepan Island,Zhejiang Province,eastern *** quarry activities were mainly carried out for production of regular tuff stone plates about 800 years *** of the lead strips was sealed into a rock joint by punching manually and *** present,the lead strips still contact tightly with the rock joints and new mineral cerussite is found to have formed at the contact surfaces between the lead strip and its caulked rock *** use of lead strips caulking rock joints in quarry caverns is found for prevention of water from seeping out of the country rocks into quarry cavern bases, where all of the in-situ intact tuff rock was manually and near-horizontally split into thin rock sheets one by one for production of regular tuff ***,it is found that the tensile splitting of tuff sheets at the cavern base required the intact rocks at the cavern base had to be *** this horizontal base splitting for tuff sheets from the top to the bottom,a dome-shape interior space was formed for each rock cavern with the near horizontal imprints of thin sheet layers permanently on the sidewalls.

关键词： rock cavern lead strips sealant joints waterproof tuff splitting quarry