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The functional significance of residual yolk in lizards

Current Zoology 2023年第2期69卷 192-199页

作者： Kun Guo Cai-Feng Wang Yu Du Yan-Fu Qu Florentino Brana Xiang Ji Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection College of Life and Environmental SciencesWenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035ZhejiangChina Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research College of Fisheries and Life ScienceHainan Tropical Ocean UniversitySanya 572022HainanChina College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China Departamento de Biologia de Orgar smos v Sistemas.Universidad de 0viedo Oviedo 33071Spain

residual yolk is assumed to be an important source of energy and nutrients during early life in nonmammalian amniotes.Available data show that the mean size of residual yolk is far smaller in lizards than in turtles,snakes,crocodiles,and birds,raising a question of whether residual yolk is of functional significance in lizards.Here,we compared data from 26 lizard species with those from other nonmammalian amniotes to test the hypothesis that residual yolk is functionally less significant in species producing more fully developed offspring.In our sample,species mean offspring water contents ranged from 73%to 84%of body wet mass;species mean proportions of carcass dry mass,fat-body dry mass,and residual yolk dry mass to offspring dry mass ranged from 84%to 99%,0%to 5.0%,and 0%to 14.4%,respectively.Lizards are,on average,more fully developed at hatching or birth than snakes,as revealed by the fact that the mean proportion of carcass dry mass to body dry mass and offspring water contents were both higher in lizards than in snakes.We conclude that the functional significance of residual yolk during early life is generally less evident in lizards.Even in the lizards where residual yolk is of potential functional significance,this portion of yolk contributes little,if any,to postembryonic growth.Future work could usefully collect data across a wider spectrum of reptile taxa to establish a precocial-altricial continuum and test the hypothesis that species with a smaller amount of residual yolk are closer to the precocial end of the continuum.

关键词： carcass fatbody lizards offspring postembryonicgrowth residual yolk

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Can snakes use yolk reserves to maximize body size at hatching?

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Current Zoology 2019年第6期65卷 627-631页

作者： Yan-Fu QU Shu-Zhan ZHAO Xu-Fei JIANG Long-Hui LIN Xiang JI Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina

We experimentally miniaturized freshly laid eggs of the Chinese cobra Naja atra(Elapidae)by removing^10%and^20%of original yolk.We tested if yolk-reduced eggs would produce 1)normal-sized hatchlings with invariant yolk-free body mass(and thus invariant linear size)but dramatically reduced or even completely depleted residual yolk,2)smaller hatchlings with normalsized residual yolk but reduced yolk-free body mass,or 3)smaller hatchlings of which both yolk-free body mass and residual yolk are proportionally reduced.yolk quantity affected hatchling linear size(both snout-vent length and tail length)and body mass.However,changes in yolk quantity did not affect incubation length or any hatchling trait examined after accounting for egg mass at laying(for control and sham-manipulated eggs)or after yolk removal(for manipulated eggs).Specifically,yolk-reduced eggs produced hatchlings of which all major components(carcass,residual yolk,and fat bodies)were scaled down proportionally.We show that snakes cannot use yolk reserves to maximize their body size at hatching.Furthermore,our data also suggest that the partitioning of yolk in embryonic snakes is species-specific.

关键词： hatchling phenotype Naja atra residual yolk snake yolk partitioning yolk removal

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