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“How Do We Actually Do Convergence”for Disaster Resilience?Cases from Australia and the United States

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第3期12卷 299-311页

作者： Shefali Juneja Lakhina Elaina J.Sutley Jay Wilson Wonder Labs San JoseCA 95128USA Civil Environmental and Architectural EngineeringUniversity of KansasLawrenceKS 66045USA Clackamas County Disaster Management Oregon CityOR 97045USA

In recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on achieving convergence in disaster research,policy,and programs to reduce disaster losses and enhance social ***,there remain considerable gaps in understanding"how do we actually do convergence?"In this article,we present three case studies from across geographies—New South Wales in Australia,and North Carolina and Oregon in the United States;and sectors of work—community,environmental,and urban resilience,to critically examine what convergence entails and how it can enable diverse disciplines,people,and institutions to reduce vulnerability to systemic risks in the twenty-first *** identify key successes,challenges,and barriers to *** build on current discussions around the need for convergence research to be problem-focused and solutions-based,by also considering the need to approach convergence as ethic,method,and *** reflect on how convergence can be approached as an ethic that motivates a higher order alignment on"why"we come together;as a method that foregrounds"how"we come together in inclusive ways;and as an outcome that highlights"what"must be done to successfully translate research findings into the policy and public domains.

关键词： Convergence research Disaster resilience Disaster risk reduction research ethics

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Challenges in randomized controlled trials and emerging multiple sclerosis therapeutics

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2015年第6期31卷 745-754页

作者： DeRen Huang Multiple Sclerosis Center Neurology and Neuroscience AssociatesInc.

The remarkable global development of disease-modifying therapies （DMTs） specific for multiple sclerosis （MS） has significantly reduced the frequency of relapse, slowed the progression of disability, and improved the quality of life in patients with MS. With increasing numbers of approved DMTs, neurologists in North America and Europe are able to present multiple treatment options to their patients to achieve a better therapeutic outcome, and in many cases, no evidence of disease activity. MS patients have improved accessibility to various DMTs at no or minimal out-of-pocket cost. The ethical guidelines defined by the Edinburgh revision of the Declaration of Helsinki strongly discourage the use of placebo control groups in modern MS clinical trials. The use of an active comparator control group increases the number of participants in each group that is essential to achieve statistical significance, thus further increasing the difficulty of completing randomized controlled trials （RCTs） for the development of new MS therapies. There is evidence of a high prevalence of MS and a large number of patients in Asia. The belief of the existence of Asian types of MS that are distinct from Western types, and regulatory policies are among the reasons why DMTs are limited in most Asian countries. Lack of access to approved DMTs provides a good opportunity for clinical trials that are designed for the development of new MS therapies. Recently, data from RCTs have demonstrated excellent recruitment of participants and the completion of multi-nation and single-nation MS trials within this region. Recent studies using the McDonald MS diagnostic criteria carefully excluded patients with neuromyelitis optica （NMO） and NMO spectrum disorder, and demonstrated that patients with MS in Asia have clinical characteristics and treatment responses similar to those in Western countries.

关键词： multiple sclerosis clinical trials research ethics Asia immunomodulatory treatment immunosuppression

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Responsible research and innovation training programmes:implementation and evaluation of the HEIRRI project

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Forensic Sciences research 2021年第3期6卷 320-330页

作者： Ružica Tokalić Ivan Buljan Niels Mejlgaard Mar Carrió Alexander Lang Gema Revuelta Ana Marušić HEIRRI Consortium Department of research in Biomedicine and health University of split school of Medicinesplitcroatia Danish centre for studies in research and research Policy Department of Political scienceaarhus UniversityaarhusDenmark health sciences education research Group Department of experimental and health sciencesPompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelonaspain Techno-science&societal Transformation research Group institut für höhere studien-institute for advanced studies(i)Viennaaustria estudies centre on science communication and societyDepartment of experimental and health sciencesPompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelonaspain

Responsible research and innovation,or RRI,is a concept that aims to bring together society and science for a better *** are six key elements of RRI:public engagement,gender equality,science education,open access,ethics and *** Education Institutions and Responsible research and Innovation(HEIRRI)project aimed to bring the concept of RRI into the educational *** state-of-the-art review of good practices,HEIRRI team developed 10 training programmes on RRI for different higher education institution educational levels,including a summer school and a massive open online course(MOOC).We conducted pilot of the trainings and evaluated participants’*** with HEIRRI training programmes on responsible research and innovation was high,both for participants and for the trainers,and trainings raised awareness of ***’feedback was used to identify areas that need improvement and provided for recommendations for final versions of the HEIRRI training *** order to equip researchers with skills to recognize and apply RRI values,RRI should be included in their *** training is suitable for a range of different disciplines,including forensic science,and is free to use and adjust for specific contexts(available from:https://***/heirri-training-programmes).

关键词： research integrity research ethics responsible research and innovation responsibility societal inclusion higher education institutions RRI teaching

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Ethnography at the Turn of the Third Decade:Privilege and Challenge

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2021年第3期11卷 216-221页

作者： Alexander Rosenblatt1 Zefat Academic College ZefatIsrael

The article analyzes the situation in which ethnographic studies found themselves at the turn of the third decade of the 21st *** historical background,rooted in the past century,as well as the situation that developed by the end of the second decade,is considered at the general philosophical level,while the area that illustrates the situation was chosen taking into account the author’s professional orientation—*** problems are divided into three *** first such group is devoted to new practices and information spaces that are constantly changing the *** second group concerns worldview aspects related to the perception of new ethnographers by the guild elders.A critique of the“decolonization”of ethnographic research as part of an overview of institutional and disciplinary barriers concludes the topics discussed in the article.

关键词： field research ethnography ethnomusicology research ethics decolonization

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Biobanks and biomarkers:Their current and future role in biomedical research

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World Journal of Methodology 2024年第4期14卷 77-83页

作者： Michael Colwill Samantha Baillie Richard Pollok Andrew Poullis Department of Gastroenterology St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondon SW170QTUnited Kingdom

The importance and utility of biobanks has increased exponentially since their inception and *** used as part of translational research,they now contribute over 40%of data for all cancer research papers in the United States of America and play a crucial role in all aspects of *** classification systems exist but a simplified approach is to either classify as population-based or disease-oriented *** historically publicly funded institutions,there has been a significant increase in industry funded entities across the world which has changed the dynamic of biobanks offering new possibilities but also new *** face legal questions over data sharing and intellectual property as well as ethical and sustainability questions particularly as the world attempts to move to a low-carbon *** collaboration is required to address some of these challenges but this in itself is fraught with complexity and *** review will examine the current utility of biobanks in the modern healthcare setting as well as the current and future challenges these vital institutions face.

关键词： Biobanks Biomarkers Biomedical research research methodology research ethics

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How Chinese clinicians face ethical and social challenges in fecal microbiota transplantation: a questionnaire study

How Chinese clinicians face ethical and social challenges in...

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中华医学会医学伦理学分会第十九届学术年会暨医学伦理学国际论坛

作者： Yonghui Ma Jinqiu Yang Bota Cui Hongzhi Xu Chuanxing Xiao Faming Zhang Center for Bioethics Medical College Xiamen University Department of Nursing Medical College Xiamen University Medical Center for Digestive Diseases Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Department of Gastroenterology Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University

Background: Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) is reportedly the most effective therapy for relapsing Clostridium Difficile infection(CDI) and a potential therapeutic option for many diseases. It also poses important ethical concerns. This study is an attempt to assess clinicians’ perception and attitudes towards ethical and social challenges raised by fecal microbiota transplantation. Methods: A questionnaire was developed which consisted of 20 items: four items covered general aspects, nine were about ethical aspects such as informed consent and privacy issues, four concerned social and regulatory issues, and three were about an FMT bank. This was distributed to participants at the Second China gastroenterology and FMT conference in May 2015. Basic descriptive statistical analyses and simple comparative statistical tests were performed. Results: Nearly three quarters of the 100 respondents were gastro-enterologist physicians. 89% of all respondents believed FMT is a promising treatment modality for some diseases and 88% of whom chose clinical efficacy as the primary reason for recommending FMT. High expectation from patients and pressure on clinicians(33%) was reported as the most frequent reasons for not recommending FMT. The clinicians who had less familiarity with FMT reported significantly more worry related to the dignity and psychological impact of FMT compared to those who have high familiarity with FMT(51.6% vs 27.8%, P =.021).More than half of the respondents(56.1%) were concerned about the commercialization of FMT, although almost one in five respondents did not see this as a problem. Conclusions: We found most respondents have positive attitudes towards FMT but low awareness of published evidence. Informed consent for vulnerable patients, privacy and protection of donors were perceived as the most challenging ethical aspects of FMT. This study identified areas of limited knowledge and ways of addressing ethical issues and indicates the need to devise

关键词： Fecal microbiota transplantation research ethics Informed consent Risk benefit evaluation

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人文社会科学研究过程中研究伦理的风险防控

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社会科学总论 2021年第1期

作者：唐权

基于研究主导权与研究能力的缺乏，人文社会科学研究者往往面临着各种研究伦理风险。现有研究主要关注实证研究风险与结果呈现风险两个方面，忽视了作为“总开关”的研究问题风险与极具科学性的研究设计风险。文章应用文献荟萃分析法，... 详细信息

基于研究主导权与研究能力的缺乏，人文社会科学研究者往往面临着各种研究伦理风险。现有研究主要关注实证研究风险与结果呈现风险两个方面，忽视了作为“总开关”的研究问题风险与极具科学性的研究设计风险。文章应用文献荟萃分析法，基于过程视角将研究伦理风险细分为研究问题风险、研究设计风险、实证研究风险和结果公开风险，根据意识与行为、局部与整体的内在关联将其归因于研究者缺乏风险防控意识，受到学术利益驱使，缺乏风险防控技巧以及缺乏总体防控观念，进而提出一系列风险防控对策。

关键词：人文社会科学社会科学研究研究伦理研究设计实证研究风险防控 humanities and social sciences social science research research ethics research design empirical research risk preventing and controlling

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与儿童一起研究：核心议题与研究反思

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中小学教育 2012年第11期

作者：许倩倩高振宇

近二十年来，随着国际社会科学领域研究范式的多元化和儿童研究理论的发展，在西方社会科学领域兴起了一股“与儿童一起研究”的热潮。与以往的儿童研究传统相比，“与儿童一起研究”主张重构儿童在研究中的角色与地位，倡导儿童研究方... 详细信息

近二十年来，随着国际社会科学领域研究范式的多元化和儿童研究理论的发展，在西方社会科学领域兴起了一股“与儿童一起研究”的热潮。与以往的儿童研究传统相比，“与儿童一起研究”主张重构儿童在研究中的角色与地位，倡导儿童研究方法的创新与综合，并尤为重视儿童研究的伦理问题，对促进儿童研究的发展做出了独特贡献。

关键词：儿童与儿童一起研究研究方法研究伦理 children research with children research methods research ethics

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