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red ginseng for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2011年第12期17卷 937-944页

作者： Sina Kim Byung-Cheul Shin Myeong Soo Lee Hyangsook Lee Edzard Ernst School of Korean Medicine Pusan National UniversityYangsan(626-870)South Korea Brain Disease Research Centre Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeon(305-811)South Korea Complementary Medicine Peninsula Medical SchoolUniversity of Exeter(EX2-4NT)ExeterUK Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research centre College of Korean MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoul(130-701)South Korea

Objective： red ginseng （RG, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer） is one of the widely used herbs for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus （DM）. However, no systematic review of the effectiveness of RG for type 2 DM is available. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current evidence for the effectiveness of RG in patients with type 2 DM. Methods＂ Electronic searches of 14 electronic databases were conducted without language restrictions. All randomized clinical trials （RCTs） with RG as a treatment for type 2 DM were considered for inclusion. Their methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane criteria. Results： Four RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Their methodological quality was variable. Three of the RCTs compared the effectiveness of RG with placebo. The meta-analysis of these data failed to favor RG over placebo for fasting plasma glucose （FPG） [n=76, weighted mean difference （WMD）： -0.43 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval （CI）： -1.16 to 0.30, P=0.25] and fasting plasma insulin （FPI）（n=76, WMD： -8.43 pmol/L; 95% Ch -19.54 to 2.68, P=0.14） for 12 weeks of treatment. One RCT compared the effects of RG with no treatment. The results did not suggest favorable effects of RG on FPG, hemoglobin Alo （HbAlc） or 2-h blood glucose after a meal （PP2h）. Conclusions： The evidence for the effectiveness of RG in controlling glucose in type 2 DM is not convincing. Few included studies with various treatment regimens prohibit definitive conclusions. More rigorous studies are needed to clarify the effects of RG on this condition.

关键词： red ginseng Panax ginseng type 2 diabetes mellitus systematic review meta-analysis

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Oral administration of red ginseng powder fermented with probiotic alleviates the severity of dextran-sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2017年第3期15卷 192-201页

作者： JANG Sun-Hee PARK Jisang KIM Sae-Hae CHOI Kyung-Min KO Eun-Sil CHA Jeong-Dan LEE Young-Ran JANG Hyonseok JANG Yong-Suk Department of Molecular Biology and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics Chonbuk National UniversityJeonju 54896Korea Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials Chonbuk National UniversityJeonju 54896Korea Department of Efficacy Research Institute of Jinan Red GinsengJinan 55442Korea Department of Mathematics Sogang UniversitySeoul 04107Korea Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Korea University Ansan HospitalAnsan 15355Korea

red ginseng is a well-known alternative medicine with anti-inflammatory *** exerts pharmacological effects through the transformation of saponin into metabolites by intestinal *** that intestinal microflora vary among individuals,the pharmacological effects of red ginseng likely vary among *** order to produce homogeneously effective red ginseng,we prepared probiotic-fermented red ginseng and evaluated its activity using a dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis model in *** analysis of intestinal damage indicated that the administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng significantly decreased the severity of colitis,compared with the control and the activity was higher than that induced by oral administration of ginseng powder or probiotics *** analysis of the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α,inflammatory biomarkers that are increased at the initiation stage of colitis,were significantly decreased in probiotic-fermented red ginseng-treated groups in comparison to the control *** levels of inflammatory cytokines and mR NAs for inflammatory factors in colorectal tissues were also significantly decreased in probiotic-fermented red ginseng-treated ***,oral administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng reduced the severity of colitis in a mouse model,suggesting that it can be used as a uniformly effective red ginseng product.

关键词： Colitis Fermentation Inflammation Probiotics red ginseng

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Identification and Evaluation of a Panel of Ginsenosides from Different red ginseng Extracts with Nootropic Effect

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2018年第3期34卷 375-381页

作者： DAI Yulin ZHANG Ying ZHAO Xu JEON Youjin ZHENG Fei MA Li YUE Hao Jilin ginseng Academy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China Department of Marine Life Science Jeju National University Jeju 690-756 Republic of Korea Department of Hepatology The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China

red ginseng has been gradually discovered to have pharmacological and physiological effects. It is well known that the most important bioactive components of ginseng are ginsenosides. The nootropic effect of ginsenosides from nine different red ginseng extracts was evaluated here. Nine groups of mice were perfused with different concentrations of nine red ginseng extracts, respectively, and two groups of mice with distilled water. The nootropic effect of ginsenosides on mice was evaluated with behavior tests and a biochemical indicator study. The extracts were identified by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（RRLC-Q-TOF-MS）. Furthermore, principal component analysis（PCA） was used to analyze the contribution of chemical components from different ginseng groups. The extracts with the most and the weakest effective nootropic were found. It is notable that extract processing is a very important factor to decide pharmacological functions of ginseng extracts. As a conclusion, the most effective extract method for ginsenosides has been found. A panel of 13 ginsenosides has been screened out as chemical markers with nootropic effect, which include high level ginsenosides Ra0, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rd, and Rgl and low level ginsenosides mRb1, mRc, mRb2, mRd, and F2. Low level ginsenosides were first time to be discovered as possible nootropic compounds. This method may shed light on fast discovery of bioactive compounds of medicinal plants with low level compounds.

关键词： red ginseng Ginsenoside Nootropic effect Mass spectrometry Behavior test

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Development of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid Quality Assessment of red ginseng

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2009年第5期25卷 633-637页

作者： NIE Li-xing WANG Gang-li LIN Rui-chao National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products Beijing 100050 P. R. China

Near infrared spectroscopy（NIRS） was developed as a rapid analysis method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the quality of red ginseng. Discriminant analysis（DA） based on principal component analysis and Mahalanobis distance was used to distinguish red ginseng from counterfeits non-destructively. The result shows that the proposed method could distinguish red ginseng from counterfeits correctly and no misclassified sample was found in both training and test sets. The partial least squares（PLS） algorithm was used to predict the sum of ginsenosides Re and Rgl and the content of ginsenoside Rb1. Two calibration models were developed to correlate NIR spectra with the reference values determined by HPLC method. The correlation coefficient（R）, the root mean square error of calibration（RMSEC） and the root mean square error of prediction（RMSEP） were as follows： R=0.9827, RMSEC=0.0163%, RMSEP=0.0250% for the sum of ginsenosides Re and Rgl; R=0.9869, RMSEC=0.0156%, RMSEP=0.0256% for content of ginsenoside Rb1. The overall results demonstrate that NIRS coupled with chemometrics could be successfully applied as a rapid, precise and cost-effective method not only to identify the red ginseng from counterfeits but also to determine simultaneously some chemical compositions in red ginseng.

关键词： Near infrared soectroscopy red ginseng Discriminant analysis Partial least squares

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Quantitative Analysis of Eight Ginsenosides in red ginseng Using Ginsenoside Rg1 as Single Reference Standard

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World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2021年第1期7卷 1-5页

作者： Juan Da Qiu-Rong Wang Yan Wang Shuai Yao Yong Huang Wen-Long Wei Jian Liang Yao Shen Gerhard Franz De-An Guo Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization TechnologyShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China Department of Pharmacy University of RegensburgD 93040 RegensburgGermany

Objective:To develop a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantification of major ginsenosides in red ginseng(RG,the steamed and dried root of the cultivar of Panax ginseng ***).Methods:A feasible method was developed in strict accordance with chromatographic properties of eight *** contents could be unveiled with conventional external standard method,or as an alternative,using ginsenoside Rg1 as the single reference standard by means of seven conversion *** parameters had been validated on different chromatographic columns and ***:Twenty-one batches of RG samples were *** addition,the chromatograms of RG and confusing species,including Panax ginseng,Panax quinquefolium,and Panax notoginseng,were apparently ***:The method was proved to be efficient for the quality control of RG.

关键词： Ginsenosides high-performance liquid chromatography quantification red ginseng

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Effects of red ginseng on the Congestive Heart Failure and Its Mechanism

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 1996年第1期2卷 19-22页

作者：丁大植沈铁宽崔银泽李仙女金红梅金春玉丁淑韩娜

Forty-five patients with class cardiac tunction were divided randomly into three groups,group (digoxin group) , group ( red ginseng group) and group ( red ginseng plus digoxin group) .Each group consisted of 15 cases. After treatment, the improvement of the hemodynamical and biochemicalindexes of group and group were greater than those of group , and that of group was the most sig-nificant amongst all. The results suggested that red ginseng and digoxin had synergism for treatment of con-gestive heart failure, and red ginseng was an effective and sate adjuvant without any side effects.

关键词： red ginseng congestive heart failure hemodynamic superoxide dismutase malondialde-hyde prostaglandin-E2

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Immunoregulation Effect of red ginseng Aqueous Extract on Mice

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Medicinal Plant 2021年第1期12卷 71-74,79页

作者： Fangyi ZHANG Suicheng GUO Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanyang Medical CollegeNanyang 473061China Department of Digestive Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical CollegeNanyang 473058China

[Objectives]The paper was to observe the effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on immune function of mice.[Methods]The aqueous extract of red ginseng was obtained by water extraction and concentration,and 10 mL of aqueous extract was equivalent to 2.86 g of raw *** 240 mice were randomly divided into blank control group,low dose,medium dose and high dose groups of red ginseng aqueous extract,60 mice each *** in low dose,medium dose and high dose groups were intragastrically administered with 0.24,0.48,1.43 g/kg red ginseng aqueous extract once a day respectively,and those in blank control group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of deionized water at the dose of 0.1 mL/10 g once a day for consecutive 30 *** immunoregulation effects of red ginseng aqueous extract on mice were explored by organ/body weight ratio measurement,delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH)reaction,Con A-induced spleen T lymphocyte transformation test,antibody-producing cells test,half hemolytic value(HC 50)test,carbon particle clearance test,phagocytosis test of chicken red blood cells by macrophages and NK cell activity test.[Results]Compared with the blank control group,the degree of toe swelling in low dose group and medium dose group of red ginseng aqueous extract[(0.62±0.14)mm,(0.53±0.12)mm vs.(0.36±0.10)mm]significantly increased(P<0.05).The ability of T lymphocytes proliferation(0.173±0.054,0.189±0.063 vs.0.098±0.012)in low dose group and high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05).The number of haemolytic plaque(137.49×10^(3)±24.73×10^(3),148.43×10^(3)±27.53×10^(3) vs.112.96×10^(3)±26.28×10^(3))in medium dose group and high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05).The phagocytosis rate(35.67%±3.82%,49.26%±6.54%,57.92%±7.36%vs.24.34%±4.22%)and phagocytosis index(0.72±0.23,0.82±0.15,0.91±0.26 vs.0.35±0.11)of low dose,medium dose,high dose groups significantly increased(P<0.05).However,there was no statistical difference in spleen/body weight ratio,

关键词： ginseng red ginseng Immunoregulation Mice

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Determination of AF and AFG in red ginseng by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (HPLC-ELSD)

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Animal Husbandry and Feed Science 2019年第5期11卷 131-134页

作者： Chen Wei He Da Shao Ying Department of Pharmacy Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational CollegeTaizhou 225300China Pharmaceutical R&D Department BrightGene Bio-Medical Technology Co.Ltd.Suzhou 215128China College of Chinese Medicinal Materials Jilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China

[Objective]The paper was to establish a method for determining AF and AFG in red ginseng.[Method]A new simple,rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of two amadori compounds,arginyl-fructose(AF)and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose(AFG),in extracts of three kinds of ginseng preparations was developed and validated using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector(HPLC-ELSD).Two target analytes were efficiently separated by Prevail CTM18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min within 15 min of single chromatographic run.[Result]Under optimized conditions,the detection limits were 0.015 and 0.02 mg/mL for AF and AFG,*** curves of peak area for two analytes were linear over three orders of magnitude with the correlation coefficients greater than *** average recoveries,precision,reproducibility and stability for two analytes(AF and AFG)were 99.5% and 100.9%,0.43% and 0.47%,0.46% and 0.43%,0.41% and 0.49%,respectively.[Conclusion]This method was successfully applied for quantifying AF and AFG in red ginseng and the method was efficient,sensitive and accurate.

关键词： High performance liquid chromatography Evaporative light scattering detector Amadori compounds red ginseng

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