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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2022年第3期65卷 19-25页

作者： Wenjie Nie Leqi Wang Yu Wu Aixi Chen Yueheng Lan Department of Applied Physics East China Jiaotong UniversityNanchang 330013China Department of Physics Zhejiang Sci-Tech UniversityHangzhou 310018China Department of Physics Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing 100876China

We describe an optomechanical ratchet scheme to realize nonreciprocal transmission of a light field, which is based on the bias of the optical cavity’s frequency spectrum caused by mechanical ratchet interactions. This approach to break the time-reversal symmetry of light propagation is universally valid in various optomechanical systems with ratchet-oscillator structures. We discuss specifically the implementation of an on-chip Casimir-ratchet optomechanical protocol and demonstrate the optical nonreciprocity with an extremely high isolation ratio and flexible controllability, which does not require external additional optical engineering. Our study opens a door for manipulating flexibly light propagation by using mechanical ratchet resonators, and has potential applications in the on-chip integration of nonreciprocal devices and harness of lateral Casimir forces.

关键词： optomechanics nonreciprocal transmission Casimir effect ratchet effect

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THE ratchet effect UNDER COURNOT RIVALRY

THE RATCHET EFFECT UNDER COURNOT RIVALRY

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The 4th International Conference on Management

作者： RobertD.Cairns Department of Economics McGill University

We discuss the ratchet effect in a Cournot equilibrium among identical firms which can writepooling or separating contracts with workers of two different qualities. Even in this simple model, theoperation of the ratchet effect is much more complicated than in nonrivalrous situations. We also con-sider implications of such contracting for two different limiting competitive equilibria.

关键词： ratchet effect Cournot Oligopoly Asymmetric Information Workers’ Rents

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Biased transportations in a spatially asymmetric system at the nano-scale under thermal noise

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2010年第8期53卷 1565-1567页

作者： WAN RongZheng FANG HaiPing Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China

Under the theory of ratchet effect for mesoand macro-scale systems, the additional perturbation with a long time correlation and the breaking of spatial inversion symmetry are two main ingredients to bring unidirected transportations. With the help of a simple model system, we show that a spatially asymmetric system of the nano-scale length may induce biased transportations under thermal noise.

关键词： ratchet effect nano-scale thermal noise

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Multiple reversals of vortex ratchet effects in a superconducting strip with inclined dynamic pinning landscape

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Chinese Physics B 2020年第12期29卷 448-454页

作者：何安薛存 College of Science Chang'an UniversityXi'an 710064China School of Aeronautics Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China School of Mechanics Civil Engineering and ArchitectureNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an 710072China

Using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau formalism,we investigate the multiple reversals of ratchet effects in an unpatterned superconducting strip by the tilted dynamic pinning potential.In the case of collinear sliding potential and Lorentz force,vortices are always confined in the channels induced by sliding potential.However,due to the inclination angle of sliding pinning potential with respect to the Lorentz force,vortices could be driven out of the channels,and unexpected results with multiple reversals of vortex rectifications are observed.The mechanism of multiple reversals of vortex rectifications is explored by analyzing different vortex motion scenarios with increasing ac current amplitudes.The multiple reversals of transverse and longitudinal ratchet effects can be highly controlled by ac amplitude and dynamic pinning velocity.What's more,at certain large current the ratchet effect reaches strongest within a wide range of pinning sliding velocity.

关键词： multiple reversal ratchet effect dynamic pinning potential Lorentz force

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A contract theory analysis to fiscal relations between the central and local governments in China

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Economic and Political Studies 2019年第3期7卷 281-313页

作者： Yutaka Suzuki Faculty of Economics Hosei UniversityTokyoJapan

We use a contract theory/mechanism design framework to analyse the fiscal relations and reforms between the central and local governments in China,which are said to have made great contributions to economic growth since the‘economic reform’.First,we present the mechanism(a fiscal incentive contract model),which has created incentives for the development agent(local government),and clarify theoretically how the concept of bao(contract)works.We then comprehend the concept of bisai(contest)within the framework of the yardstick competition between local governments,and review the mechanism which encourages proper information revelation through intergovernmental comparison and competition.Lastly,we make a theoretical comparative analysis on the fiscal system reform(from the fiscal contracting system to the tax sharing system),from the perspective of how much room was left for the‘ratchet effect’in the dynamic relation between the central and local governments,and how it was solved(or mitigated)in the two fiscal systems.

关键词： Fiscal contracting tax sharing adverse selection mechanism design yardstick competition ratchet effect

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The Budget Execution Quality of Related Party Transactions: Evidence from Hong Kong

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Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 2020年第4期16卷 155-170页

作者： Davhen Ki Yan Wong Zengbiao Yu Tsinghua University BeijingChina

This paper proposes to use the related party transactions’(RPT)budget completion ratio(BCR)as indicator of RPT’s execution quality.This paper studies BCR by defining budget ceiling through RPTs announcement and comparing the amount disclosed in annual report as budget execution result.Through statistical analysis of 285 RPT announcements,we classify RPT’s BCR into four benchmark grades.This paper sums up the BCR of RPT from the samples,and deduces moral obligation and moral judgement curve(OJ curve)in terms of BCR.OJ curve is the real dynamic equilibrium after the struggle agency problems.From our statistical results,we verified that Weitzman’s ratchet effect exists in the budget formulation of RPTs,and it is a solid proof of Weitzman’s ratchet effect applied to real business scenarios.The empirical results show ratchet effect exists in BCR of RPTs before and after the change from GEM board listing to main board listing in Hong Kong(Transfer).This paper also finds that it is significant to find the estimated actual amount in the coming year through the budget completion ratio(BCR)of RPT from last year.This paper is a pioneer to examine the execution quality of RPT by the means of(i)Weitzman’s Truth Inducing Model,(ii)BCR,and(iii)SGR as well as(iv)estimated actual amount.

关键词： related party transactions budget variances ratchet effect benchmarking grade

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国家级贫困县“帽子”的“棘轮效应”

农业经济研究

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农业经济研究 2016年第9期

作者：郭君平荆林波张斌

文章利用内地31省（直辖市、自治区）2073个区县数据，分析了国家级贫困县“帽子”或身份的路径依赖现象。研究发现，影响最新扶贫重点县、集中连片特困县和双重贫困县择定的因素有所差异，但其共同因素包括八七扶贫重点县身份、农民人... 详细信息

文章利用内地31省（直辖市、自治区）2073个区县数据，分析了国家级贫困县“帽子”或身份的路径依赖现象。研究发现，影响最新扶贫重点县、集中连片特困县和双重贫困县择定的因素有所差异，但其共同因素包括八七扶贫重点县身份、农民人均纯收入、人均GDP、乡村从业人数以及革命老区身份。无论控制其他影响因素与否，国家级贫困县“帽子”均存在显著的“棘轮效应”。在其他条件不变情况下，全国有八七扶贫重点县身份的候选县入选最新扶贫重点县、集中连片特困县及双重贫困县的概率比普通县分别高39%、14%、12.5%；而且此种效应区域差异明显，相比其他地区，革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、西部地区和山区地带国家级贫困县“帽子”的棘轮效应更大。其主要原因是经济利益争夺与政治考量，部分国家级贫困县仍处于深度贫困之中，还有不少国家级贫困县徘徊在脆弱性或不稳定脱贫边缘，以及国家级贫困县调整周期过长、缺乏动态评估体系和退出机制。

关键词：国家级贫困县棘轮效应关联分析 Probit模型 Logit模型 Poverty-County ratchet effect association analysis probit model logit model

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标准成本法、工作地轮换与动态激励

财务与会计导刊（理论版）

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财务与会计导刊（理论版） 2019年第5期

作者：崔健波罗正英

不对称信息下，公司总部不确定组织内各工作地的内在产品成本是高(低效率)还是低(高效率)，高效率工作地管理者有机会和动机掩饰其内在能力，因为一旦能力变得已知，生产单元可能面临更加严苛的下期标准成本方案。为避免总部提高成本控... 详细信息

不对称信息下，公司总部不确定组织内各工作地的内在产品成本是高(低效率)还是低(高效率)，高效率工作地管理者有机会和动机掩饰其内在能力，因为一旦能力变得已知，生产单元可能面临更加严苛的下期标准成本方案。为避免总部提高成本控制绩效要求，生产通过付出低努力和实现高成本来应对，棘轮效应出现。实施工作地轮换，抑制棘轮效应的同时，损害经验曲线效应。本研究通过构建两期博弈模型，设计最优支付方案，提出有效的工作地轮换条件。

关键词：成本控制标准成本法绩效评价工作地轮换棘轮效应经验曲线效应动态激励　　cost control standard costing performance measurement workplace rotation ratchet effect experience curve effects dynamic incentive

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