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quantum network: from theory to practice

Science China(Information Sciences) 2023年第8期66卷 103-147页

作者： Kun FANG Jingtian ZHAO Xiufan LI Yifei LI Runyao DUAN Institute for quantum Computing Baidu Research

The quantum internet is envisioned as the ultimate stage of the quantum revolution, which surpasses its classical counterpart in various aspects, such as the efficiency of data transmission, the security of network services, and the capability of information processing. Given its disruptive impact on the national security and the digital economy, a global race to build scalable quantum networks has already begun. With the joint effort of national governments, industrial participants, and research institutes, the development of quantum networks has advanced rapidly in recent years, bringing the first primitive quantum networks within reach. In this work, we aim to provide an up-to-date review of the field of quantum networks from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, contributing to a better understanding of the building blocks required for the establishment of a global quantum internet. We also introduce a newly developed quantum network toolkit to facilitate the exploration and evaluation of innovative ideas. Particularly, it provides dual quantum computing engines, supporting simulations in both the quantum circuit and measurement-based models. It also includes a compilation scheme for mapping quantum network protocols onto quantum circuits,enabling their emulations on real-world quantum hardware devices. We showcase the power of this toolkit with several featured demonstrations, including a simulation of the Micius quantum satellite experiment, a testing of a four-layer quantum network architecture with resource management, and a quantum emulation of the CHSH game. We hope this work can give a better understanding of the state-of-the-art development of quantum networks and provide the necessary tools to make further contributions along the way.

关键词： quantum network quantum internet quantum network architecture quantum network protocol quantum network simulation quantum software toolkit

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Demonstration of fully-connected quantum communication network exploiting entangled sideband modes

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Frontiers of physics 2023年第4期18卷 277-282页

作者： Fan Li Xiaoli Zhang Jianbo Li Jiawei Wang Shaoping Shi Long Tian Yajun Wang Lirong Chen Yaohui Zheng State Key Laboratory of quantum Optics and quantum Optics Devices Institute of Opto-ElectronicsShanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China

quantum communication network scales point-to-point quantum communication protocols to more than two detached parties,which would permit a wide variety of quantum communication applications.Here,we demonstrate a fully-connected quantum communication network,exploiting three pairs of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen(EPR)entangled sideband modes,with high degree entanglement of 8.0 dB,7.6 dB,and 7.2 dB.Each sideband modes from a squeezed field are spatially separated by demultiplexing operation,then recombining into new group according to network requirement.Each group of sideband modes are distributed to one of the parties via a single physical path,making sure each pair of parties build their own private communication links with high channel capacity better than any classical scheme.

关键词： quantum network quantum communication entangled sideband modes quantum dense coding

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Hybrid quantum key distribution network

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第10期65卷 24-30页

作者： Siyu REN Yu WANG Xiaolong SU State Key Laboratory of quantum Optics and quantum Optics Devices Institute of Opto-Electronics Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University State Key Laboratory of Cryptology

quantum key distribution(QKD) is now moving toward a scalable and secure QKD network,which establishes secret keys among network users. The continuous-variable(CV) and discrete-variable(DV)QKD systems are currently being developed in parallel and are all used in QKD networks. We propose here a hybrid QKD network, in which the CV QKD system is used to build metropolitan QKD networks, and the DV QKD system is used to connect metropolitan QKD networks. The hybrid QKD network takes advantage of high secret key rates for CV QKD systems and long distance for DV QKD systems. We also present a feasible hybrid measurement-device-independent(MDI) QKD network, which combines both CV and DV MDI QKD systems. The presented hybrid QKD networks meet the low cost and compact requirement of a realistic QKD network and provide a feasible solution for future real QKD networks by combining the advantages of both CV and DV QKD systems.

关键词： quantum network quantum key distribution hybrid quantum information continuous variable discrete variable

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Sharing quantum nonlocality in star network scenarios

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Frontiers of physics 2023年第3期18卷 193-201页

作者： Tinggui Zhang Naihuan Jing Shao-Ming Fei School of Mathematics and Statistics Hainan Normal UniversityHaikou 571158China College of Sciences Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Department of Mathematics North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA School of Mathematical Sciences Capital Normal UniversityBeijing 100048China Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences Leipzig 04103Germany

The Bell nonlocality is closely related to the foundations of quantum physics and has significant applications to security questions in quantum key distributions.In recent years,the sharing ability of the Bell nonlocality has been extensively studied.The nonlocality of quantum network states is more complex.We first discuss the sharing ability of the simplest bilocality under unilateral or bilateral POVM measurements,and show that the nonlocality sharing ability of network quantum states under unilateral measurements is similar to the Bell nonlocality sharing ability,but different under bilateral measurements.For the star network scenarios,we present for the first time comprehensive results on the nonlocality sharing properties of quantum network states,for which the quantum nonlocality of the network quantum states has a stronger sharing ability than the Bell nonlocality.

关键词： Bell nonlocality quantum network nonlocality sharing POVM measurements

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quantum network based on non-classical light

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2020年第8期63卷 110-121页

作者： Xiaolong SU Meihong WANG Zhihui YAN Xiaojun JIA Changde XIE Kunchi PENG State Key Laboratory of quantum Optics and quantum Optics Devices Institute of Opto-ElectronicsShanxi University Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University

quantum network enables quantum communication among quantum nodes and provides advantages that are unavailable in any classical network. Based on rapidly developing science and technology in quantum communication, the studies on quantum network have also made important progresses recent years.In this study, we briefly review the experimental progresses in building quantum network based on optical field and discuss the challenges toward a quantum Internet.

关键词： quantum network non-classical light quantum entanglement quantum communication quantum teleportation

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Continuous variable quantum teleportation and remote state preparation between two space-separated local networks

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 314-322页

作者： Siyu REN Dongmei HAN Meihong WANG Xiaolong SU State Key Laboratory of quantum Optics and quantum Optics Devices Institute of Opto-ElectronicsShanxi University Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University

Implementing quantum communication between space-separated local networks is essential for designing global quantum networks. In this study, we propose quantum teleportation and remote state preparation schemes between users of two space-separated local networks established by continuous-variable multipartite entangled states. In the proposed schemes, the quantum nodes belonging to the two distant local networks are first entangled by entanglement swapping, and then quantum communication protocols are realized. We show that quantum teleportation between any two users belonging to space-separated local networks can be realized with the assistance of other users, and squeezed thermal states can be remotely prepared in one local network by performing a homodyne projective measurement on the state in another distant local network. Our results provide a feasible approach for quantum communication between spaceseparated quantum networks with multipartite entangled states.

关键词： quantum communication quantum network quantum teleportation remote state preparation entanglement swapping continuous variable

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A full quantum network scheme

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Chinese Physics B 2014年第10期23卷 56-59页

作者：马海强韦克金杨建会李瑞雪朱武 School of Science and State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications

We present a full quantum network scheme using a modified BB84 protocol. Unlike other quantum network schemes, it allows quantum keys to be distributed between two arbitrary users with the help of an intermediary detecting user. Moreover, it has good expansibility and prevents all potential attacks using loopholes in a detector, so it is more practical to apply. Because the fiber birefringence effects are automatically compensated, the scheme is distinctly stable in principle and in experiment. The simple components for every user make our scheme easier for many applications. The experimental results demonstrate the stability and feasibility of this scheme.

关键词： quantum key distribution quantum communication quantum network

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The queueing model for quantum key distribution network

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Chinese Physics B 2009年第1期18卷 46-50页

作者：温浩韩正甫郭光灿洪佩琳 quantum Information Key Laboratory University of Science & Technology of China Information network Laboratory University of Science & Technology of China

This paper develops a QKD （quantum key distribution）-based queueing model to investigate the data delay on QKD link and network, especially that based on trusted relays. It shows the mean packet delay performance of the QKD system. Furthermore, it proposes a key buffering policy which could effectively improve the delay performance in practice. The results will be helpful for quality of service in practical QKD systems.

关键词： quantum key distribution quantum cryptography quantum network queueing model

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External control of qubit-photon interaction and multi-qubit reset in a dissipative quantum network

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2021年第5期64卷 11-21页

作者： Xian-Peng Zhang Li-Tuo Shen Yuan Zhang Luyan Sun Huaizhi Wu Zhen-Biao Yang Zhang-Qi Yin Fujian Key Laboratory of quantum Information and quantum Optics and Deparment of Physics Fuzhou UniversitFuzhou 350116China Donostia International Physics Center Manuel de Lardizabal San Sebastian 20018Spain Centro de Fisica de Materiales Centro Mixto CSIC-UPVEHUSan Sebastian 20018Spain Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of EducationSchool of Physics and MicroelectronicsZhengzhou UniversinyZhengzhou 450052China Center for quantum Information Institute for Interdisciplinary Information SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic quantum Architecture and Measurements(MOE) School of PhysicsBejing Institute of Technology.Bejing 100081China

A quantum network is a promising quantum many-body system because of its tailored geometry and controllable interaction. Here,we propose an external control scheme for the qubit-photon interaction and multiqubit reset in a dissipative quantum network,which comprises superconducting circuit chains with microwave drives and filter-filter couplings. The traditional multiqubit reset of the quantum network requires physically disconnected qubits to prevent their entanglement. However, we use an original effect of dissipation, i.e., consuming the entanglement generated by qubits’ interaction, to achieve an external control of the multiqubit reset in an always-connected superconducting circuit. The reset time is independent of the number of qubits in the quantum network. Our proposal can tolerate considerable fluctuations in the system parameters and can be applicable to higherdimensional quantum networks.

关键词： quantum computation quantum reservior engineering quantum network

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A quantum network for implementation of the optimal quantum cloning

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Chinese Physics B 2009年第2期18卷 426-429页

作者：戴结林张文海 Department of Physics & Electronic Engineering Hefei Teachers College

This paper presents a quantum network to implement the optimal 1→2 quantum cloning in 2 dimensions, including the optimal asymmetric universal, the optimal symmetric phase-covariant, and the asymmetric real state cloning. By only choosing different angles of the single-qubit rotations, the quantum network can implement three optimal quantum cloning.

关键词： quantum network quantum cloning

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