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Molecular evolution of Na^(+) channels in teleost fishes

Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 64-74页

作者： Harold H.ZAKON Manda C.JOST Derrick J.ZWICKL Ying LU David M.HILLIS Section of Neurobiology Section of Integrative Biology The University of TexasAustinTXUSA

Voltage-dependent sodium channels are critical for electrical excitability.Invertebrates possess a single sodium channel gene;two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrates increased the number to four.Since the teleost-tetrapod split,independent gene duplications in each lineage have further increased the number of sodium channel genes to 10 in tetrapods and 8 in teleosts.Here we review how the occurrence of multiple sodium channel paralogs has influenced the evolutionary history of three groups of fishes:pufferfish,gymnotiform and mor-myriform electric fish.pufferfish(tetraodontidae)produce a neurotoxin,tetrodotoxin,that binds to and blocks the pore of sodium channels.pufferfish evolved resistance to their own toxins by amino acid substitutions in the pore of their sodium channels.These substitutions had to occur in parallel across multiple paralogs for organismal re-sistance to evolve.Gymnotiform and mormyriform fishes independently evolved electric organs to generate elec-tricity for communication and object localization.Two sodium channel genes are expressed in muscle in most fishes.In both groups of weakly electric fishes,one gene lost its expression in muscle and became compartmen-talized in the evolutionary novel electric organ,which is a muscle derivative.This gene then evolved at elevated rates,whereas the gene that is still expressed in muscle does not show elevated rates of evolution.In the electric organ-expressing gene,amino acid substitutions occur in parts of the channel involved in determining how long the channel will be open or closed.The enhanced rate of sequence evolution of this gene likely underlies the spe-cies-level variations in the electric signal.

关键词： electric fish molecular evolution pufferfish sodium channels tetrodotoxin.

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Potentially dangerous fish of the Paraiba Estuary: Identification and envenomation mechanisms

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017年第11期5卷 459-462页

作者： Anderson Kelvin Saraiva Macêdo Jicaury Roberta Pereira Da Silva Samara Pereira De Oliveira Vidal Haddad Jr Ana Lúcia Vendel Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas Universidade Estadual da ParaíbaCampus VRua Horácio TrajanoCristo Redentor58070-450 Joao PessoaParaíbaBrasil Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade Estadual PaulistaCaixa Postal 55719618-000 BotucatuSao PauloBrasil

Objective: To present venomous and poisonous fish species in the Paraiba Estuary, Paraiba State, Brazil, with a description of the envenomation mechanisms and characteristics of the toxins. Methods: Fishes were caught by beach seine in the dry and rainy season (November 2013 and June 2014) and bimonthly between May 2016 and March 2017. Results: Eight potentially dangerous species belonging to the families Batrachoididae, Ariidae and Tetraodontidae were identified. The representatives of the former two families, toadfish and catfish, respectively had specific venom inoculating apparatuses that could penetrate tissues, releasing toxins that caused injuries mainly to fishermen. The family Tetraodontidae had poisonous species, once the pufferfish could accumulate biotoxins (especially tetrodotoxin, which is a neurotoxin produced by bacteria). Despite being toxic for consumption, these fish were often consumed by fishermen and their families. Conclusions: The present study is the first record of venomous and poisonous species in the Paraiba Estuary and contributes to the knowledge of the identification of the species and the mechanisms that cause severe envenomation and even deaths in artisanal fishing communities. Such knowledge is fundamental to future campaigns aimed at the prevention of injuries involving fish in the region and in other estuarine environments, where such fishes are common.

关键词： Catfish Poisonous fish pufferfish Toadfish Venomous fish

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