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Regulation of chloroplast protein degradation

Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2023年第6期50卷 375-384页

作者： Yang Sun Jialong Li Lixin Zhang Rongcheng Lin State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement Schoolof Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan 475001China Key Laboratory of Photobiology Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBejing 100093China

Chloroplasts are unique organelles that not only provide sites for photosynthesis and many metabolic processes,but also are sensitive to various environmental stresses.Chloroplast proteins are encoded by genes from both nuclear and chloroplast genomes.During chloroplast development and responses to stresses,the robust protein quality control systems are essential for regulation of protein homeostasis and the integrity of chloroplast proteome.In this review,we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast protein degradation refer to protease system,ubiquitin-proteasome system,and the chloroplast autophagy.These mechanisms symbiotically play a vital role in chloroplast development and photosynthesis under both normal or stress conditions.

关键词： Chloroplast protein homeostasis Protease Ubiquitin-proteasome Chlorophagy

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eIF-Three to Tango: emerging functions of translation initiation factor eIF3 in protein synthesis and disease

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2020年第6期12卷 403-409页

作者： Dieter AWolf Yingying Lin Haoran Duan Yabin Cheng School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research&Innovation Center for Cell Stress SignalingXiamen UniversityXiamen 361102China

Studies over the past three years have substantially expanded the involvements of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) in messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. It now appears that this multi-subunit complex is involved in every possible form of mRNA translation, controlling every step of protein synthesis from initiation to elongation, termination, and quality control in positive as well as negative fashion. Through the study of eIF3, we are beginning to appreciate protein synthesis as a highly integrated process coordinating protein production with protein folding, subcellular targeting, and degradation. At the same time, eIF3 subunits appear to have specific functions that probably vary between different tissues and individual cells. Considering the broad functions of eIF3 in protein homeostasis, it comes as little surprise that eIF3 is increasingly implicated in major human diseases and first attempts at therapeutically targeting eIF3 have been undertaken. Much remains to be learned, however, about subunit- and tissue-specific functions of eIF3 in protein synthesis and disease and their regulation by environmental conditions and post-translational modifications.

关键词： mRNA translation translation initiation factor eIF3 protein homeostasis cancer

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DSSylation, a novel guide for protein degradation？

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protein & Cell 2014年第2期5卷 91-93页

作者： Cheng-Xin Gong Department of Neurochemistry Inge Grundke-lqbal Research Floor New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY 10314 USA

The natural design for the generation and the fate of proteins in an organism could be as complicated as life itself. A protein is biosynthesized strictly according to the message carried by the mRNA transcribed from its gene. However, when, where, what and how much a gene is expressed are regulated precisely and dynamically at multiple levels, including at transcription, mRNA maturation, alternative splicing, and translation levels. A newly synthesized protein often needs to be further modified and sorted posttransla- tionally for its optimal confirmation and function. When a protein reaches its life span, the senescent protein is degraded by protein degradation machinery involving the ubiquitin-proteosome system and lysosomes. protein homeostasis is essential for maintaining the normal mor- phology and function of the cell.

关键词： protein homeostasis Aromatic Amino Acid Residue Important Biological Event protein Degradation Machinery Maintain protein homeostasis

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Essentials of Proteolytic Machineries in Chloroplasts

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Molecular Plant 2017年第1期10卷 4-19页

作者： Kenji Nishimura Yusuke Kato Wataru Sakamoto Institute of Plant Science and Resources Okayama University 2-20-1 Chuo Kurashiki Okayama 710-0046 Japan

Plastids are unique organelles that can alter their structure and function in response to environmental and developmental stimuli. Chloroplasts are one type of plastid and are the sites for various metabolic pro- cesses, including photosynthesis. For optimal photosynthetic activity, the chloroplast proteome must be properly shaped and maintained through regulated proteolysis and protein quality control mechanisms. Enzymatic functions and activities are conferred by protein maturation processes involving consecutive proteolytic reactions. protein abundances are optimized by the balanced protein synthesis and degrada- tion, which is depending on the metabolic status. Malfunctioning proteins are promptly degraded. Twenty chloroplast proteolytic machineries have been characterized to date. Specifically, processing peptidases and energy-driven processive proteases are the major players in chloroplast proteome biogenesis, remod- eling, and maintenance. Recently identified putative proteases are potential regulators of photosynthetic functions. Here we provide an updated, comprehensive overview of chloroplast protein degradation ma- chineries and discuss their importance for photosynthesis. Wherever possible, we also provide structural insights into chloroplast proteases that implement regulated proteolysis of substrate proteins/peptides.

关键词： chloroplast biogenesis protease protein homeostasis

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The impact of high-temperature stress on rice: Challenges and solutions

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The Crop Journal 2021年第5期9卷 963-976页

作者： Yufang Xu Chengcai Chu Shanguo Yao State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biologythe Innovative Academy for Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100039China College of Life Science Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou 450002HenanChina

Heat stress (HS) caused by rapidly warming climate has become a serious threat to global food security.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for over half of the world’s population,and its yield and quality are often reduced by HS.There is an urgent need for breeding heat-tolerant rice cultivars.Rice plants show various morphological and physiological symptoms under HS.Precise analysis of the symptoms(phenotyping) is essential for the selection of elite germplasm and the identification of thermotolerance genes.In response to HS,rice plants trigger a cascade of events and activate complex transcriptional regulatory networks.protein homeostasis under HS is especially important for rice thermotolerance,which is affected by protein quality control,effective elimination of toxic proteins,and translational regulation.Although some agronomic and genetic approaches for improving heat tolerance have been adopted in rice,the molecular mechanisms underlying rice response to HS are still elusive,and success in engineering rice thermotolerance in breeding has been limited.In this review,we summarize HS-caused symptoms in rice and progress in heat-stress sensing and signal cascade research,and propose approaches for improving rice thermotolerance in future.

关键词： Heat stress Rice Transcriptional regulation protein homeostasis Thermotolerance breeding

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"At last in" the physiological roles of the tubular ER network

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Biophysics Reports 2020年第4期6卷 105-114页

作者： Li Lü Liling Niu Junjie Hu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital National Clinical Research Center for Cancer Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Tianjin”s Clinical Research Center for Cancer National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) forms a continuous network of tubules and sheets.ER membranes are inter-connected by a class of dynamin-like GTPases termed atlastins(ATLs).Deletion or mutation of ATLs results in long and unbranched ER tubules in cells. Mutations in ATL1 in humans have been linked to the neurodegenerative disease hereditary spastic paraplegia. The basis of ATL-mediated membrane fusion has been studied extensively, but specific functions of ATL remain unclear. In this review, we summarize ER-related cellular processes that directly or indirectly involve ATL, including membrane trafficking, lipid metabolism, autophagy, microtubule dynamics, pathogen infections, calcium signaling, and protein homeostasis. These findings provide important clues for deciphering the physiological roles of the tubular ER network.

关键词： Atlastin Membrane trafficking Lipid metabolism Autophagy Microtubule dynamics Pathogen infections Calcium signaling protein homeostasis

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