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Factors to consider in developing individual pharmaceutical product quality risk profiles useful to government procurement agencies

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2016年第1期6卷 79-92页

作者： Wei Xu Garth Boehm Qiang Zheng School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University Center for Pharmaceutical Information and Engineering Research Peking University Department of Industrial Engineering and Management College of EngineeringPeking University

Governments that procure pharmaceutical products from an Essential Medicine List(EML)bear special responsibility for the quality of these *** this article we examine the possibility of developing a pharmaceutical product quality risk assessment scheme for use by government procurement *** use the Chinese EML as a basis,and US recall data is examined as it is publically *** is justified as the article is only concerned with inherent product quality *** establishing a link between Chinese essential medicines and those available in the US,we examine US recall data to separate product specific *** conclude that,in addition to existing manufacturing based risks,there are two other product specific risks that stand out from all others,degradation and dissolution *** for relative product risk for degradation is needed to be developed and further work is required to better understand dissolution failures which largely occur with modified-release solid oral *** conclude that a product specific quality risk profile would be enhanced by including a risk assessment for degradation for all products,and in the case of solid oral products,dissolution.

关键词： Chinese essential medicine product-specific quality risk Chemical stability Dissolution Risk assessment US recall data

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Scale and scope economies in small household rice farming in Vietnam

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第12期20卷 3339-3351页

作者： Viet-Ngu HOANG Trung Thanh NGUYEN Clevo WILSON Thong Quoc HO Uttam KHANAL School of Economics and Finance Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD 4000Australia Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade Leibniz University HannoverHannover 30167Germany University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 72516Vietnam Agriculture Victoria Department of JobsPrecincts and RegionsHorshamVIC 3400Australia

The Vietnamese agricultural sector has experienced a dramatic structural change based on increased specialization in rice ***,small-scale rice-farmers have continued to grow multiple crops,especially in less developed *** the literature advocates crop diversification for reasons of both economic and ecological sustainability,there lacks empirical evidence as to whether crop diversification brings efficiency and productivity gains to small *** present study is the first applications of the input-oriented stochastic distance function approach in estimating scale and scope economies using data of multi-crop farming households in *** find strong evidence of product-specific economies of *** economies are also present for rice,vegetable,and other annual crop *** suggests that crop diversification enhances efficiency and ***,there still exists significant technical inefficiency in crop production,indicating opportunities to expand farm output at the existing level of inputs and *** specifically,our empirical results indicate that it is desirable to expand vegetable and other annual crop production in mountainous areas while rice cultivation can be further expanded in delta and coastal regions.

关键词： input distance function stochastic frontier economies of scope economies of scale product-specific

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