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probability

Chinese Physics C 2014年第9期38卷 467-471页

作者： K.A.Olive K.Agashe C.Amsler M.Antonelli J.-F.Arguin D.M.Asner H.Baer H.R.Band R.M.Barnett T.Basaglia C.W.Bauer J.J.Beatty V.I.Belousov J.Beringer G.Bernardi S.Bethke H.Bichsel O.Biebe E.Blucher S.Blusk G.Brooijmans O.Buchmueller V.Burkert M.A.Bychkov R.N.Cahn M.Carena A.Ceccucci A.Cerr D.Chakraborty M.-C.Chen R.S.Chivukula K.Copic G.Cowan O.Dahl G.D'Ambrosio T.Damour D.de Florian A.de Gouvea T.DeGrand P.de Jong G.Dissertor B.A.Dobrescu M.Doser M.Drees H.K.Dreiner D.A.Edwards S.Eidelman J.Erler V.V.Ezhela W.Fetscher B.D.Fields B.Foster A.Freitas T.K.Gaisser H.Gallagher L.Garren H.-J.Gerber G.Gerbier T.Gershon T.Gherghetta S.Golwala M.Goodman C.Grab A.V.Gritsan C.Grojean D.E.Groom M.Grnewald A.Gurtu T.Gutsche H.E.Haber K.Hagiwara C.Hanhart S.Hashimoto Y.Hayato K.G.Hayes M.Heffner B.Heltsley J.J.Hernandez-Rey K.Hikasa A.Hocker J.Holder A.Holtkamp J.Huston J.D.Jackson K.F.Johnson T.Junk M.Kado D.Karlen U.F.Katz S.R.Klein E.Klempt R.V.Kowalewski F.Krauss M.Kreps B.Krusche Yu.V.Kuyanov Y.Kwon O.Lahav J.Laiho P.Langacker A.Liddle Z.Ligeti C.-J.Lin T.M.Liss L.Littenberg K.S.Lugovsky S.B.Lugovsky F.Maltoni T.Mannel A.V.Manohar W.J.Marciano A.D.Martin A.Masoni J.Matthews D.Milstead P.Molaro K.Monig F.Moortgat M.J.Mortonson H.Murayama K.Nakamura M.Narain P.Nason S.Navas M.Neubert P.Nevski Y.Nir L.Pape J.Parsons C.Patrignani J.A.Peacock M.Pennington S.T.Petcov Kavli IPMU A.Piepke A.Pomarol A.Quadt S.Raby J.Rademacker G.Raffel B.N.Ratcliff P.Richardson A.Ringwald S.Roesler S.Rolli A.Romaniouk L.J.Rosenberg J L.Rosner G.Rybka C.T.Sachrajda Y.Sakai G.P.Salam S.Sarkar F.Sauli O.Schneider K.Scholberg D.Scott V.Sharma S.R.Sharpe M.Silari T.Sjostrand P.Skands J.G.Smith G.F.Smoot S.Spanier H.Spieler C.Spiering A.Stahl T.Stanev S.L.Stone T.Sumiyoshi M.J.Syphers F.Takahashi M.Tanabashi J.Terning L.Tiator M.Titov N.P.Tkachenko N.A.Tornqvist D.Tovey G.Valencia G.Venanzoni M.G.Vincter P.Vogel A.Vogt S.P.Wakely W.Walkowiak C.W.Walter D.R.Ward G.Weiglein D.H.Weinberg E.J.Weinberg M.White L.R.Wiencke C.G.Wohl L.Wolfenstein J.Womersley C.L. University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy116 Church St.S.E.MinneapolisMN 55455USA University of Maryland Department of PhysicsCollege ParkMD 20742-4111USA Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics Universitat BernCH-3012 BernSwitzerland Lab.Nazionali di Frascati dell'INFN CP 13via E.Fermi40I-00044 Frascati(Roma)Italy Departement de physique Universite de MontrealC.P.6128succ.centre-villeMontreal(Quebec) H3C 3J7Canada Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle BoulevardRichlandWA 99352USA Department of Physics and Astronomy University of OklahomaNormanOK 73019USA Department of Physics University of WisconsinMadisonWI 53706USA Physics Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1 Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA 94720USA CERN European Organization for Nuclear ResearchCH-1211 Geneve 23Switzerland Department of Physics The Ohio State University191 W.Woodruff Ave.ColumbusOH 43210 COMPAS Group Institute for High Energy PhysicsRU- 142284ProtvinoRussia LPNHE IN2P3-CNRS et Universites de Paris 6 et 7F-75252 ParisFrance Max-Planck-Institute of Physics 80805 MunichGermany Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Fakultdt für PhysikSchellingstr.4D-80799 MünchenGermany Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics University of ChicagoChicagoIL 60637-1433USA Department of Physics Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY13244USA Department of Physics Columbia University538 W.120th StreetNew YorkNY10027 USA High Energy Physics Group Blackett LaboratoryImperial CollegePrince Consort RoadLondon SW7 2AZUK Jefferson Lab 12000 Jefferson Ave.Newport NewsVA 23606USA Department of Physics University of VirginiaPO Box 400714CharlottesvilleVA 22904USA Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory P.O.Box 500BataviaIL 60510USA Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics University of ChicagoChicagoIL 60637-1433USA Department of Physics and Astronomy University of SussexFalmerBrighton BN1 9QHUK Department o

Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）.37.1. General [1-8] An abstract definition of probability can be given by considering a set S, called the sample space, and possible subsets A, B,... , the interpretation of which is left open. The probability P is a real-valued function defined by the following axioms due to Kolmogorov [9]：

关键词： probability

probability-Density-Based Deep Learning Paradigm for the Fuzzy Design of Functional Metastructures

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Research 2020年第1期2020卷 1637-1647页

作者： Ying-Tao Luo Peng-Qi Li Dong-Ting Li Yu-Gui Peng Zhi-Guo Geng Shu-Huan Xie Yong Li Andrea Alù Jie Zhu Xue-Feng Zhu School of Physics and Innovative Institute Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China Institute of Acoustics Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research CenterCity University of New York85 St.Nicholas TerraceNew YorkNY 10031USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong SARChina Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057China

In quantum mechanics,a norm-squared wave function can be interpreted as the probability density that describes the likelihood of a particle to be measured in a given position or *** statistical property is at the core of the fuzzy structure of ***,hybrid neural structures raised intense attention,resulting in various intelligent systems with farreaching ***,we propose a probability-density-based deep learning paradigm for the fuzzy design of functional *** contrast to other inverse design methods,our probability-density-based neural network can efficiently evaluate and accurately capture all plausible metastructures in a high-dimensional parameter *** maxima in probability density distribution correspond to the most likely candidates to meet the desired *** verify this universally adaptive approach in but not limited to acoustics by designing multiple metastructures for each targeted transmission spectrum,with experiments unequivocally demonstrating the effectiveness and generalization of the inverse design.

关键词： inverse probability acoustics

probability of Sediment Incipient Motion Under Complex Flows

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China Ocean Engineering 2010年第1期24卷 93-104页

作者：刘春嵘邓丽颖呼和敖德 College of Mechanics and Aerospace Hunan University Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Presented in this paper is a mathematical model to calculate the probability of the sediment incipient motion, in which the effects of the fluctuating pressure and the seepage are considered. The instantaneous bed shear velocity and the pressure gradient on the bed downstream of the backward-facing step flow are obtained according to the PIV measurements. It is found that the instantaneous pressure gradient on the bed obeys normal distribution. The probability of the sediment incipient motion on the bed downstream of the backward-facing step flow is given by the mathematical model. The predicted results agree well with the experiment in the region downstream of the reattachment point while a large discrepancy between the theory and experiment is seen in the region near the reattachment point. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

关键词： probability sediment incipience backward-facing step flow seepage pressure

probability of Matching All Types of Prizes for the First Time Is Maximized at a Surprisingly Early Number of Trials

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Applied Mathematics 2022年第11期13卷 869-877页

作者： Motohisa Osaka Department of Basic Science Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan

Suppose that when money or coins are placed in a box containing an arbitrary number of prizes of several different types, one of each type of prize will appear alone each time. Is the probability that all types of prizes will be together for the first time maximized when the majority of prizes are removed from the box? Simulations based on probability theory show that this probability reaches its maximum value in a surprisingly small number of trials, contrary to expectations. This will help us understand not only mathematical phenomena, but also real-world phenomena. Phenomena that do not occur without several substances or conditions seem unlikely to occur, but the results of this study suggest that, contrary to expectations, they are surprisingly likely to occur probabilistically.

关键词： probability Prize Gacha® Game

Importance measures for imprecise probability distributions and their sparse grid solutions

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2013年第10期56卷 1733-1739页

作者： WANG Pan LU ZhenZhou CHENG Lei School of Aeronautics Northwestern Polytechnical University

For the imprecise probability distribution of structural system, the variance based importance measures (IMs) of the inputs are investigated, and three IMs are defined on the conditions of random distribution parameters, interval distribution parameters and the mixture of those two types of distribution parameters. The defined IMs can reflect the influence of the inputs on the output of the structural system with imprecise distribution parameters, respectively. Due to the large computational cost of the variance based IMs, sparse grid method is employed in this work to compute the variance based IMs at each reference point of distribution parameters. For the three imprecise distribution parameter cases, the sparse grid method and the combination of sparse grid method with genetic algorithm are used to compute the defined IMs. Numerical and engineering examples are em-ployed to demonstrate the rationality of the defined IMs and the efficiency of the applied methods.

关键词： imprecise probability distribution importance measure sparse grid method genetic algorithm

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probability WAVE THEORY OF THE ATOMIC CONFIGURATION FOR MULTI-COMPONENT CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

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Science China Mathematics 1991年第8期34卷 955-968页

作者：顾秉林张孝文 Department of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 PRC

It is suggested that there is a kind of probability wave of the atomic configuration p(R)in crystals that can be deduced from the eigenequation of the ionic interaction Hamiltonian,and it has definite physical meaning. By use of the probability wave of the atomic con-figuration, the occupation probabilities of different kinds of atoms at lattice sites in multi-component solutions can be studied, and the crystal structures of multi-component solutionscan be predicted.

关键词： the probability wave of the atomic configuration (PWAC) crystal structure material design ordered state disordered state.

An efficient algorithm for calculating Profust failure probability

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2019年第7期32卷 1657-1666页

作者： Xiaobo ZHANG Zhenzhou LYU Kaixuan FENG Chunyan LING School of Aeronautics Northwestern Polytechnical University

For efficiently estimating the Profust failure probability based on probability input variables and fuzzy-state assumption, a General Performance Function(GPF) expression is established under the strict mathematical derivation for the Profust reliability model. By constructing the GPF,the calculation of the Profust failure probability can be transformed into the calculation of the traditional failure probability. Then various existing methods for the traditional failure probability can be used to estimate the Profust failure probability. Due to the high efficiency of the Adaptive Kriging(AK) model and the universality of the Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS), AK inserted MCS(abbreviated as AK-MCS) has been proven to be an efficient method for estimating the failure probability. Therefore, the AK-MCS combined with the GPF(abbreviated as AK-MCS + GPF)is proposed for estimating Profust failure probability. The proposed method greatly reduces the computational cost while ensuring the accuracy. Finally, four examples are given to validate the proposed AK-MCS + GPF. The results of the examples show the rationality and the efficiency of the proposed AK-MCS + GPF.

关键词： Failure probability Fuzzy-state assumption General performance function Kriging model Profust reliability Reliability

An Improved Enthalpy-Based Lattice Boltzmann 3D Model with Added probability Function for the Growth Characteristics of Frost Layer

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Journal of Thermal Science 2019年第2期28卷 378-392页

作者： CUI Jing YANG Tinghao YANG Fan YANG Guangfeng Airport College Civil Aviation University of China

In this paper, the effects of different surface properties on the growth of frost layer were numerically studied from the mesoscopic scale using the lattice Boltzmann method. The improved enthalpy method and nucleation probability model were combined to establish a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model based on nucleation probability theory. The model was used to carry out numerical research on frost layer formation and growth process on cold wall surface. The model could not only simulate the gradual densification and thickening process of frost layer growth from the macro scale, but also describe the change process of the frost layer structure caused by ice branch growth on the micro scale. The average thickness, average density and the amount of the frost layer could be obtained. Through this model, the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the topography of the frost layer were obtained. The model was used to analyze the effects of cold wall surface temperature, relative humidity and cold surface wettability on the frosting characteristics. The average thickness, frost average density, frost quality and average solid volume fraction of frost at different times were obtained by calculation.

关键词： lattice Boltzmann model improved enthalpy model nucleation probability model three-dimensional frost surface wettability

Global track extraction for probability hypothesis density filter

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Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 2016年第6期27卷 1151-1157页

作者： Feng Yang Xi Shi Keli Liu Yan Liang Hao Chen School of Automation Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China

The probability hypothesis density (PHD), a well-known scheme for multi-target tracking in clutters, can obtain peaks of possible tracks, and its cluster-indexed method is widely accepted in further track extraction. However, the track extraction may face high risk in the case that the targets are so approached that it is hardly to discern their measurements. The concept of the distance between track sets in two adjacent times is defined and a consistency measure metric between any two peaks in two adjacent times is further proposed based on 'global information', containing spatial information (topology feature) among tracks, along with the temporal information of each track. Then, a global track extraction method is proposed based on the consistency belief and four decision rules. Via the simulation comparison with the cluster-indexed method, the proposed method can avoid the track break and mistake association. © 2016 Beijing Institute of Aerospace Information.

关键词： Bandpass filters Clutter (information theory) probability Target tracking Tracking (position)