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Application of Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis, pollution index and Geoaccumulation index in pollution Assessment with Heavy Metals from Gold Mining Operations, Tanzania

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第4期10卷 303-317页

作者： Caren Anatory Kahangwa National Environment Management Council Dodoma Tanzania

Gold mining is now widely acknowledged as one of the significant sources of soil pollution in developed countries. In developing countries, the sources and levels of soil contamination have not been thoroughly addressed. Thus, this study was intended to determine the source of soil pollution and the level of contamination in the active and closed gold mining areas. The research paper presents the pollution load of heavy metals (lead-Pb, chromium-Cr, cadmium-Cd, copper-Cu, arsenic-As, manganese-Mn, and nickel-Ni) in 90 soil samples collected from the studied sites. Multivariate statistical analysis, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA), coupled with correlation coefficient analysis, was performed to determine the possible sources of pollution in the study areas. The results indicated that Pb, Cr, Cu and Mn come from different sources than Cd, As and Ni. The results obtained from the metal pollution assessment using the pollution index (PI) and the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) confirmed that soils in the mining areas were contaminated in the range from moderately through strongly to highly contaminated soils. This study verified that soil contamination in the gold mining areas results from natural and anthropogenic processes. The current study findings would enhance our knowledge regarding the soil contamination level in the mining areas and the source of contamination. It is recommended to use PCA, CA, PI and Igeo to assess and monitor the heavy metal contaminated soil in gold mining areas.

关键词： Heavy Metals Contamination Principal Component Analysis Cluster Analysis pollution index Geoaccumulation index

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Large-scale distribution of elements in Chinese aerosol

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China Particuology 2007年第6期5卷 395-400页

作者： Jinghua Guo Kenneth A. Rahn Guoshun Zhuang Shuifeng Wang Analysis and Testing Center Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Narragansett R1 02882-1197 USA The Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study Department of Environmental Science & Engineering Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China

In spite of increasing attention on Chinese aerosol, there has never been a country-wide survey of its general characteristics. This paper presents elemental data for aerosol at 23 sites in and around China, mostly drawn from the literature, and shows some of the large-scale patterns. Al, Na, and Se are used to represent the crustal, marine, and pollution components, respectively. Most of the patterns are aligned in SW-NE. Al and Na are highest to the NW and the SE, respectively, and their ratio changes rapidly near the coast. Se has a broad maximum over Central China, and the Se/Al ratio （an indicator of pollution vs. crustal aerosol） increases progressively from the NW to the SE. A simple index for simulating pollution aerosol, which uses population density, annual precipitation, and mean wind speed, adequately reproduces the large-scale pattern of pollution aerosol and shows how crustal Al in the NW gradually gives way to flyash Al toward the SE.

关键词： Chinese aerosol Elemental concentration Distribution pollution index

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Relationship between Environmental pollution of Coal Mine and Spectral Characteristics of Nearby Plants

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Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2001年第1期8卷 10-14页

作者： Liqing Lei Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Inst. of Geogr. Sci./Nat. Rsrc. Res. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Remote sensing technology, as the most advanced method for collecting data, along with the common ways often used in the past on research of environmental science, was integrated to study the relationship between environmental pollution of coal mine and spectral characteristics of nearby plants. With compositive index and mean reflectivity at near infrared, a regression equation was established, and a conclusion was made that spectral reflectivity can be used to distinguish regions with different pollution degree. Through testing with real status of the research region, it is verified that this kind of integration and conclusion not only are helpful for human being in controlling the movement law of pollutants and the corresponding change of coal mine environmental quality but also bring a new way for the research of environment problems of coal mine.

关键词： remote sensing spectral characteristics reflectivity pollution index compositive index atmospheric pollution

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The assessment of heavy metal pollution in river sands of Jalingo,Nigeria using magnetic proxy parameters,pollution,and ecotoxicological indices

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Acta Geochimica 2022年第6期41卷 1083-1103页

作者： Maxwell O.Kanu Augustine A.Abong Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceTaraba State UniversityP.M.B.1167JalingoTaraba StateNigeria Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceCross River University of TechnologyP.M.B.1123CalabarNigeria

The measurement of environmental magnetic properties and metal contents of sands from Nukkai(NKR),Mayo-Gwoi(RMYG)and Lamurde(LR)rivers located in Jalingo,Nigeria are *** seek to determine the extent of anthropogenic impact on the river sands using magnetic-proxy-parameters,pollution and ecotoxicological indices and multivariate *** of magnetic susceptibilityχ,frequency-dependentsusceptibilityχfd%,anhystericremanent magnetization,isothernal remanent magnetization and X-ray fluorescence were *** average values of theχ(in×10^(-8)m^(3)kg^(-1))were 24.53,12.76 and 39.27 for NKR,RMYG and LR sites respectively,implying that the magnetic minerals in the sands were mostly *** meanχfd%value of 2.64%,4.85%and 3.53%for NKR,RMYG and LR respectively suggest that the study area was dominated by multi-domain magnetic grain *** value of the S-ratio is~1 in all river samples,suggesting that low coercivity magnetic minerals(e.g.,magnetite)dominated the *** mean concentrations of Ti,Zr,Sn,Ba and Pb were higher than the background values in the studied *** the estimated pollution indices puts the level of pollution of the river sands between low and moderate pollution with Sn,Ba and Pb as the elements of *** sources of metal contents such as fertilizers,pesticides,waste dumps and vehicular sources *** *** positive correlations between magnetic parameters(particularly,SIRM)and some heavy metals and pollution/ecotoxicological indices were obtained,showing that magnetic methods could be used as a geochemical proxy for pollution assessment.

关键词： Magnetic susceptibility Ecotoxicological risk index pollution index Heavy metals pollution River

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Heavy metal contamination of urban topsoil in a petrochemical industrial city in Xinjiang, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第6期8卷 871-880页

作者： WANG Wei LAI Yingshuai MA Yuanyuan LIU Zilong WANG Shufen HONG Chenglin School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Process of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China College of Sciences & Technology Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China

Heavy metal pollution is a widespread phenomenon in many countries of the world. In this study, we conducted a field investigation to assess the status of heavy metal pollution in urban soils of Dushanzi, a district of Karamay city in Xinjiang, China. A total of 56 soil samples in the topsoil layer of 0-15 cm were collected within the urban area and seven elements （Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Ni） were analyzed. The mean concentrations of these metals were all higher than their corresponding background values of soils in Xinjiang. We used the pollution index and ecological risk index to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution and the potential ecological risk of urban soils. The pollution index values of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Ni were 1.81, 1.35, 4.64, 1.27, 1.80, 1.39 and 1.22, respectively; and the potential ecological risk index values for them were 12.03, 1.79, 185.05, 8.39, 4.78, 18.44 and 1.79, respectively. These results indicated that urban soils in Dushanzi were polluted by heavy metals to some extent and demonstrated a high ecological risk, as influenced by industrial activities. Cd was the key element for the metal pollution of urban soils in the study area. Correlation analyses, principal component analysis coupled with the spatial distribution maps of element concentrations further soils can be mainly attributed to petrochemical commercial activities. revealed that heavy metal pollution of urban ndustry, coal chemical industry, traffic and

关键词： heavy metal urban soils source identification ecological risk pollution index

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Characteristics of tailings from metal mines in Hunan Province, China

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Journal of Central South University of Technology 2005年第2期12卷 225-228页

作者：刘云国张慧智曾光明黄宝荣李欣徐卫华 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082 China

The tailing soils were from 10 mining areas in Hunan Province. To predict the potential impact of tailings on nearby environments, the characteristics such as the pH value, loss on ignition, cation exchange capacity, and the concentration and speciation of heavy metals in the tailings were investigated. Based on these characteristics, the pollution index and danger index were calculated so as to evaluate the priorities of remediation. The results show that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn exceed the tolerable levels of the phytotoxicity in the most tailings. The large proportion of heavy metals exists in the form of residual fraction in most tailings, followed by sulfides/organic and Fe/Mn oxide fractions, and a little in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction. The calculated pollution indices for the tailing samples range from 1.41 to 83.42, which indicates that all the tailings contain heavy metals at a level that causes toxicity to the ecosystem. The danger indices for the tailing samples range from 0.06 to 387.00. The highest value of the danger indices is that of Yongzhou sample, reaching 387.00; the lowest one is that of Xikuangshan sample, only 0.06. Considering the results of pollution index and danger index in combination, the priority of remediation is determined to be Yongzhou, Baoshan, Xiangtan and Lengshuijiang.

关键词： soil heavy metal tailing pollution index

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Heavy Metal pollution in Soils on Railroad Side of Zhengzhou-Putian Section of Longxi-Haizhou Railroad, China

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Pedosphere 2009年第1期19卷 121-128页

作者： MA Jian-Hua CHU Chun-Jie LI Jian SONG Bo Institute of Natural Resourses and Environmental Science Henan University Kaifeng 475004 （China） Department of Environment and Geography Pingdingshan University Pingdingshan 467000 （China） College of Public Administration Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 （China） College of Urban and Environmental Science Normal University of Northeast Changchun 130024 （China）

The pollution status and horizontal distribution of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Cd) in the soil on railroad side along the Zhengzhou-Putian section of Longxi-Haizhou Railroad were studied by collecting soil samples along a sampling section perpendicular to the railroad at the distances of 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 m from the railroad edge. The concentrations of heavy metals in the sampling soils were higher than those of the control site. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd were found to be the highest in the soils at the railroad edge, and then decreased with increasing distance from the railroad. The highest concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Cu in soils were located at about 10-30 m from the railroad. Compared with the single factor pollution index (SFPI) of heavy metals calculated for the control site, the average SFPI from the sampling sites decreased in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu. There were notable negative correlations between the integral pollution index (IPI) of soil heavy metals at all sampling sites and the distances from the railroad. According to three IPIs calculated from the background values of heavy metals in och-aquic Cambisols, the heavy metal concentrations in the control soil, and the 2nd levels for soil heavy metals in GB15618-1995, the study area could be divided, based on the distances from the railroad, into four pollution zones: heavy pollution zone (0-10 m), medium pollution zone (10-50 m), slight pollution zone (50-100 m), and warning zone (100-500 m), respectively.

关键词： heavy metals pollution index railroad soils

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Comparison and Analysis of Estimation Methods for Heavy Metal pollution of Farmland Soils

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2020年第5期11卷 435-442页

作者： Mamattursun EZIZ Adila HAYRAT YANG Xiuyun College of Geographical Science and Tourism Xinjiang Normal UniversityUrumqi 830054China Laboratory of Arid Zone Lake Environment and Resources Xinjiang Normal UniversityUrumqi 830054China

Heavy metal pollution of farmland soils is a serious environmental problem. The accurate estimation of heavy metal pollution levels of farmland soils is very crucial for sustainable agriculture. Concentrations of heavy metal elements(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in farmland soils at 186 sampling sites in the Baghrash Lake Basin, NW China, were determined and analyzed based on the pollution index(Pi), the geo-accumulation index(Igeo), the enrichment factor(EF), the ecological risk index(ER), and the environmental risk index(Ier). The results of these five different estimation methods were compared and discussed. The obtained results indicated that the average concentrations of all the heavy metals in the farmland soils of the study area were lower than the Soil Environmental Quality of China(GB 15168–2018) levels, but the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn exceed the corresponding background values. Significant differences in estimation results existed between the five estimation methods. Based on the identified concentrations, the average Pi, Igeo, and EF values of the heavy metals in farmland soils decreased in the order of: Zn > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni > Cu > As, whereas the average ER values decreased in the order of: Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn, and the average Ier values decreased in the order of: Cd > Cu > Zn > As = Pb > Cr > Ni. The pollution class values with different estimation methods were ranked as: Pi > Igeo = EF > ER = Ier. The obtained results suggest that the most appropriate estimation method and soil background values of farmlands should be used for better understanding the environmental quality of farmland soils. Overall, the EF and ER methods are recommended for assessing heavy metal pollution risks of farmland soils.

关键词： farmland soil heavy metal pollution index comparison Baghrash Lake Basin

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Application of Micronucleus Technique in Testing River pollution in the Qinhuang River, Binzhou City

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Journal of Landscape Research 2017年第5期9卷 64-66页

作者： ZHANG Jiqiang LIU Xuewen College of Resources & Environmental Engineering Binzhou University

To figure out water pollution of the Qinhuang River in Binzhou City,broad bean root-tip micronucleus technique was applied to test water quality,water sample from different sampling points was taken to detect the contamination of broad bean root tips,so as to reflect water pollution using the pol ution *** results showed that water in the Qinhuang River was polluted in different degrees,and water pollution grew more serious from the upper to the lower *** pollution sources include domestic sewage and solid waste,thus pollution discharge into the river must be strictly controlled to restore the polluted water and the ecological functions of waterscapes.

关键词： Micronucleus technique Qinhuang River Water quality pollution index

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Investigation of pollution Level of Traces Metals Elements in Agricultural Soil of Oubritenga Province of Burkina Faso

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第3期13卷 187-198页

作者： Salifou Laura Stéphanie Batchakoue Maïga-Yaleu Tambi Ramdé Institute of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development (IGEDD) Joseph KI-ZERBO University (UJKZ) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Materials (LCMM) Joseph KI-ZERBO University (UJKZ) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pollution level of trace metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn in agricultural soil around the water reservoir. A total of 36 soil samples were collected both during off-season agriculture and pluvial agriculture from April to October 2022. The samples were analyzed for trace metals according to the standard methods of the US EPA 2007 with a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer (MP-AES), Agilent Model 4210. The pollution level was assessed using contamination factor (Cf) and modified contamination degree (mCd). During the off-season, the concentration of trace metals followed in descending order as Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Zn. As, Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Sb and Se were below the detectable limits. In pluvial season, the concentration of traces of metal follows the order Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Hg > As. Cd, Co, Sb and Se remain below the detectable limits. The concentrations of Cr, Mn and Zn were lower in the off-season agriculture than in pluvial agriculture. For Cu and Pb, the concentrations were higher in the off-season than in pluvial agriculture. The Cf ranges from 0.24 to 11.70 depending on the considered trace metal. The Cf values of As, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn indicated that the agricultural study soil was lowery contaminated by these trace metals. The agricultural study soil was moderately contaminated by Cr and Cu, and highly contaminated by Hg. Globally the agricultural study soil presents a moderate degree of contamination (mCd 2.25) by the eight trace metals studied. This result provides information on understanding the risks of trace metal contamination of agricultural soil. It is important to anticipate the control of soil contamination through regular monitoring of toxic metals in agricultural soils, control the quality of chemicals used in agriculture and regulate their use.

关键词： Chemicals Products Trace Metals pollution index Soil Contamination Off-Season Burkina Faso

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