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Energy and Built Environment 2023年第1期4卷 25-38页

作者： Tabbi Wilberforce A.G.Olabi Enas Taha Sayed Khaled Elsaid Hussein M.Maghrabie Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem Mechanical Engineering and Design Aston UniversitySchool of Engineering and Applied ScienceAston TriangleBirmingham B47ETUK Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering University of SharjahP.O.Box 27272SharjahUnited Arab Emirates Center for Advanced Materials Research University of SharjahPO Box 27272SharjahUnited Arab Emirates Chemical Engineering Department Minia UniversityElminiaEgypt Chemical Engineering Department Texas A&M UniversityTX 77843-3122College StationTXUSA Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringSouth Valley UniversityQena 83521Egypt

Enhancing the energy efficiency of structures has been a staple of energy policies.The key goal is to slash elec-tricity usage in order to minimize the footprint of houses.This goal is sought by putting restrictions on the design specifications with respect to the properties of the raw materials and components as well as the exploitation of sustainable sources of energy.These facts for the basis for zero-energy building(ZEB)being established.This novel technology has faced several obstacles impeding its commercialization and future advancement.This inves-tigation therefore holistically explored and evaluated the state of zero energy building and factors impeding their commercialization.The review further proposed some suggestion in terms of technology that can be considered by the sector to augment existing technologies.Similarly,the investigation touched on the effect of occupant’s character in zero energy structures.policies in terms of government subsidies and tax rebates were recommended to encourage more investors into the sector.Finally,the perception of zero energy building being more expensive compared to the traditional structures can equally be curbed via efficient and effective public sensitization.

关键词： Zero energy buildings policies Renewable energy Construction industry

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The impact of local U.S. tobacco policies on youth tobacco use: a critical review

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011年第2期1卷 34-43页

作者： Karen B Friend Sharon Lipper-Kreda Joel Grube Decision Sciences Institute Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Pawtucket Rhode Island.

Tobacco use continues to be the leading preventable cause of premature death in the United States, killing over 430,000 people annually. To-bacco initiation and use among youth remains a significant public health concern. Despite declines in U.S. youth tobacco use in recent years, state and national survey results are still cause for alarm. Although traditional school-based curricular programs are the most common strategy to prevent or reduce youth tobacco use, their effectiveness may be limited because young people are immersed in a broader social context in which tobacco is readily available. Environmental strategies change this social context by focusing on policy, enforcement, and media. A compelling body of evidence suggests that interventions at the state and federal levels can, when implemented in combination, reduce youth tobacco use. The impact of policies implemented at the local levels is less well understood and effects of environmental strategies on smokeless tobacco consumption have been largely ignored. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on environmental strategies implemented at the local level on youth use of both cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. We highlight results of the extant *-literature, hypothesize possible effects where research is lacking, and suggest where future studies might be warranted.

关键词： Tobacco Youth Environmental Strategies Local policies

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policies　and　Considerations　on　Establishment　of　Socialist　Market　Economic　Structure

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World Economy & China 1994年第1期2卷 48-55页

作者： $$$$Research Group of Economic Science, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

ＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓａｎｄＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＥｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｏｃｉａｌｉｓｔＭａｒｋｅｔＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ￥ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＧｒｏｕｐｏｆＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｃｈ... 详细信息

ＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓａｎｄＣｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＥｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｏｃｉａｌｉｓｔＭａｒｋｅｔＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ￥ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＧｒｏｕｐｏｆＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｏｃ...

关键词： and Socialist Establishment policies Considerations

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Regional Economic Geography with Externalities, Congestion, and Fiscal policies in a Small-Open Growth Economy

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2010年第4期2卷 201-209页

作者： Wei-Bin Zhang 不详

This paper develops a two-regional growth model with amenity, capital accumulation and regional public goods with public goods and fiscal policies. The economy consists of two regions and each region consists of the industrial sector and public sector. The industrial sector provides goods in perfectly competitive markets. The public sector, which is financed by the regional government’s tax incomes, supplies regional public goods. The public goods affect both firms and households. We show how to find equilibrium values of the dynamic system and simulate model. Then, we carry out comparative statics analysis with regard to parameter changes in tax rates, congestion and amenity. Our comparative statics analysis provides some important insights. For instance, a main difference between the effects of increasing the two regions’ tax rates on the output is that as the technologically advanced region’s (the other region’s) tax rate on the industrial sector is increased, the national industrial output, national capital employed by the economy, and the national wealth are increased (reduced). In the region which increases the tax rate, the wage rate, consumption and wealth per capita, output per labor force, the population, and land rent are increased, and the corresponding variables in the other region are reduced.

关键词： Small-Open Interregional Economy Regional Fiscal policies Capital Accumulation Endogenous Amenity Public Goods

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Environmental policies and Strategies in Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry: Gains, Challenges and Prospects

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Natural Resources 2014年第14期5卷 884-896页

作者： Ephraim Ikechukwu Elenwo Justine Ayaegbunem Akankali Department of Geography and Environmental Management Faculty of Social Science University of Port Harcourt Choba Nigeria Department of Fisheries Faculty of Agriculture University of Port Harcourt Choba Nigeria

The paper reviews environmental policies and strategies in the Nigerian oil and gas industry sector, assessing its efficiency, challenges and prospects. Essentially, the study established that the Environmental policies and Strategies of Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry have impacted positively on the Nigerian environment over the years, especially in the area of awareness creation for all stake-holders. In terms of challenges, inefficiency of the regulators due to inadequacy of logistics, poor environmental data base, duplication and overlaps of regulators functions are some of the challenges identified. The prospect of environmental policies and strategies in Nigeria is generally considered to be bright, considering the fact that the industry is still evolving. Relevant recommendations were made on how to achieve improvements.

关键词： Environment policies Strategies Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry

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Colonial Forest policies and Tropical Deforestation: The Case of Cross River State, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Forestry 2015年第1期5卷 66-79页

作者： Oliver O. O. Enuoh Francis E. Bisong Tropical Ecological Consult Ltd. Abuja Nigeria Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria

Nigeria has lost over 90% of her forest resources due to the hydra-headed and enduring problem of deforestation, hinging on timber logging, establishment of agricultural plantations in hitherto intact forest reserves, construction of highways, mining of solid minerals, approval of taungya farming activities in forest reserves, extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and dereservation of large areas of certain forest reserves for other economic and development activities. Though colonialism was dismantled in the first half of the twentieth century, its policies on forest nationalization remain unchanged across many independent states in the tropics including Nigeria. The paper assesses the colonial forest policy underpinnings of tropical deforestation in Cross River State of Nigeria. It highlights the weaknesses of forest reservation laws and its impacts on tropical deforestation. The paper concludes by advocating a shift in forest policies in favour of property rights recognition and devolution of forest management responsibilities to forest communities.

关键词： Colonialism Forests policies Deforestation Devolution and Communities

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Taxonomy for Privacy policies of Social Networks Sites

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Social Networking 2013年第4期2卷 157-164页

作者： Sergio Donizetti Zorzo Rodrigo Pereira Botelho Paulo Muniz de ávila Computer Science Department Federal University of Sao Carlos Sao Carlos Brazil

Social networking sites (SNSs) are becoming increasingly popular on the Web. Sharing personal information in these networks can be dangerous, considering that malicious users can get access to this information and use them for purposes other than the original. Although SNSs typically provide tools for users to set who can access their shared data, this access restriction only applies to network users and not for third parties and the social network itself. In this paper, we present both a mechanism to enhance privacy in SNSs and taxonomy for classifying SNSs privacy policies. We combine and extend two taxonomies of privacy, unifying them to classify SNSs privacy policies and also the aforemen-tioned mechanism. We evaluated the taxonomy classifying six SNSs privacy policies and the mechanism, presenting the results and our findings about the classification.

关键词： Security Privacy policies Content Protection Privacy Taxonomy

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Zimbabwe’s Macroeconomic policies, Economic Growth and Development of the Financial Sector: A Post Independence Historical Overview

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Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 2019年第11期15卷 523-546页

作者： Matanda Ephraim Great Zimbabwe University MasvingoZimbabwe

The paper presents and examines the economic policies that Zimbabwe has employed since its attainment of political independence from Great Britain in 1980.The liberation struggle was undertaken mainly to free the country from capitalism and replace it with the socialist ideology which was assumed to be an all-inclusive economic policy.We apply a theoretical economic policy analysis approach to assess the impact of the country’s policies used since 1980 on the growth and development of the financial sector.The research data used in the study were mainly drawn from monetary policy statements(MPS)and national budgets for the period under investigation.The economic policies used were found to be very good in theoretical principle but their politicization,nepotism,corruption,and lack of financial back-up led to inconsistencies and their negative impact on growth and development prospects of the financial sector since the year 1980.

关键词： macroeconomic policies political independence capitalism socialist ideology monetary policy statements

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Privacy Protection Framework with Defined policies for Service-Oriented Architecture

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2012年第3期5卷 200-215页

作者： David S. Allison Miriam A. M. Capretz Hany F. EL Yamany Shuying Wang Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering The University of Western Ontario London Canada Department of Computer Science Suez Canal University The Old Campus Ismailia Egypt

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a computer systems design concept which aims to achieve reusability and integration in a distributed environment through the use of autonomous, loosely coupled, interoperable abstractions known as services. In order to interoperate, communication between services is very important due to their autonomous nature. This communication provides services with their functional strengths, but also creates the opportunity for the loss of privacy. In this paper, a Privacy Protection Framework for Service-Oriented Architecture (PPFSOA) is described. In this framework, a Privacy Service (PS) is used in combination with privacy policies to create privacy contracts that outline what can and cannot be done with a consumer’s personally identifiable information (PII). The privacy policy consists of one-to-many privacy rules, with each rule created from a set of six privacy elements: collector, what, purpose, retention, recipient and trust. The PS acts as an intermediary between the service consumer and service provider, to establish an unbiased contract before the two parties begin sending PII. It is shown how many Privacy Services work together to form the privacy protection framework. An examination of what current approaches to protecting privacy in an SOA environment is also presented. Finally, the operations the PS must perform in order to fulfill its tasks are outlined.

关键词： Privacy Service-Oriented Architecture Web Services Fair Information Practices policies Contracts

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policies on BOT Projects and Project Financing

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China's Foreign Trade 1998年第8期 34-35页

ＴｈｅＦｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋｏｆｔｈｅＰｏｌｉｃｙｏｎＢＯＴＣｏｖｅｒａｇｅ：Ｖａｒｉｏｕｓｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｐｌａｎｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅ，ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓａｎｄｍｕｎｉ... 详细信息

ＴｈｅＦｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋｏｆｔｈｅＰｏｌｉｃｙｏｎＢＯＴＣｏｖｅｒａｇｅ：Ｖａｒｉｏｕｓｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｐｌａｎｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅ，ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓａｎｄｍｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｉｅｓｕｎｄｅｒｔｈ...

关键词： Projects and BOT policies Financing

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