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Forage offering and seasonal intake comparisons to evaluate European rabbit threat in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 604-617页

作者： Alejandro Huertas Herrera Mónica Toro‑Manríquez Laura Borrelli María Vanessa Lencinas Guillermo Martínez Pastur Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia(CIEP) Camino Baguales s/n Km 4CoyhaiqueChile Ulterarius Consultores Ambientales y Científicos Ltda. Ignacio Serrano 420CoyhaiqueChile Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria(INTA) EEA BarilocheModesta Victoria 44508400 San Carlos de BarilocheRío NegroArgentina Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas(CADIC)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET)Houssay 2009410 UshuaiaTierra del FuegoArgentina.

Background:The European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.1758)was introduced into different regions of the world,generating significant trade‑offs that critically impacted native vegetation.Here,we evaluate the rabbit’s forage intakes in three vegetation types(forests,shrublands,and grasslands)along the four seasons in a temperate forest landscape in Southern Patagonia and discuss the potential threats over native vegetation.We formulated the following questions:(i)what is the forage offer at each vegetation type?(ii)what is the rabbit’s forage intake and how it varied across the seasons along the year?and(iii)which vegetation types and plant life forms were more used according to the rabbit’s forage intakes?Methods:We censused understory vegetation to characterize the forage offer at each vegetation type and determined seasonal dietary intakes using microhistological analysis of pellets.The plant species identified in the field were grouped according to life form classes(tree regeneration,shrubs,forbs,graminoids,orchids,ferns,bryophytes,and hemiparasites).Data were analysed through uni‑and multi‑variate analyses,determining relationships between forage offer and the rabbit’s forage intakes.Results:Forage intakes revealed changes in plant life form consumption across vegetation types,where intake pressure was considerably different for tree regeneration(p=0.001),graminoids(p=0.001),and hemiparasites(p=0.001).Besides,significant changes in consumption among seasons were detected for shrubs(p=0.001),ferns(p=0.030),and hemiparasites(p=0.002).Although many species play an important role in the rabbit’s forage intake networks(e.g.,Chiliotrichum diffusum,Holcus lanatus),the strongest intake linkages were found in exotic grasses(e.g.,Poa pratensis and Festuca sp.),native hemiparasites(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.),native shrubs(e.g.,Empetrum rubrum),and native trees(e.g.,Nothofagus sp.).The summer and autumn seasons presented higher intake compared to the winter and spring seasons.Furthermore,hemiparasites intake(e.g.,Misodendrum

关键词： Forest ecology Oryctolagus cuniculus plant-animal interaction Vegetation type Herbivory Habitat use

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Secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles in an Amazonian forest fragment of Colombia:influence of dung type and edge effect

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第4期6卷 399-408页

作者： Carolina SANTOS-HEREDIA Ellen ANDRESEN Pablo STEVENSON Department of Biological Sciences University of the AndesBogotaColombia Center for Ecosystem Research at the National Autonomous University of Mexico MoreliaMexico

Seeds of many plant species are secondarily dispersed by dung beetles,but the outcome of this interaction is highly context-specific.Little is known about how certain anthropogenic disturbances affect this plant-animal interaction.The aims of this study were to assess the effect of dung type on secondary dispersal by dung beetles in a forest fragment,and to determine whether this interaction is affected by edge effects.Using pitfall traps,we captured dung beetles attracted to dung of 2 frugivorous mammals:woolly monkeys and howler monkeys.We found differences between both dung beetle assemblages,but these differences were not consistent in time.Using seeds surrounded by both dung types,we carried out a field experiment using seeds of 2 plant species.We found that the probability of secondary dispersal by dung beetles was higher for seeds placed in woolly monkey dung.Finally,we carried out a field experiment using plastic beads as seed mimics to assess edge effects.We found that secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles was negatively affected by edges.The disruption of plant-animal interactions along anthropogenic forest edges could have long-term negative effects on forest dynamics by affecting processes of regeneration.

关键词： fragmentation plant-animal interaction Scarabaeidae seed fate

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Rodent abundance triggered switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent-seed system of the subtropical island forest

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第1期16卷 109-119页

作者： Di ZENG Tinghao JIN Yuhao ZHAO Chuan YAN Zhibin ZHANG Ping DING MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis&Protection College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)BeijingChina Institute of Innovation Ecology Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina

Density-dependent non-monotonic species interactions are important in maintaining ecosystem stability and function,but empirical evidences are still rare.Rodents,as both seed dispersers and seed predators,have dual effects on plant regeneration and may result in non-monotonic rodent-plant interactions.According to the non-monotonic models,the relative positive or negative effects of rodents on seedling establishment can be measured based on the positive or negative association of seedling recruitment rate and rodent abundance.In this study,we investigated the fates of acorns of Quercus serrata by tracking tagged seeds on 21 fragmented subtropical islands in the Thousand Island Lake,China.We found that the proportion of germinated seeds of all released seeds showed a dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed.The proportion of removed seeds and cached seeds showed a saturated-and a weak dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed,respectively.Our results demonstrated a clear empirical evidence that rodent abundance per seed triggered a switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent-seed system.Our study implied that the observed non-monotonic interactions between plants and animals may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function.We appeal for more investigations of the complex non-monotonic interactions in various ecosystems.

关键词： ecological non-monotonicity plant-animal interaction relative mutualism or predation rodent abundance per seed

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Frugivory and seed dispersal in the Galápagos:what is the state of the art?

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第2期6卷 110-129页

作者： Ruben HELENO Stephen BLAKE Patricia JARAMILLO Anna TRAVESET Pablo VARGAS Manuel NOGALES Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies(CSIC-UIB) Terrestrial Ecology GroupMallorcaBalearic Islands Royal Botanical Garden Madrid(CSIC-RJB) Madrid Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group(CSIC-IPNA) TenerifeCanary IslandsSpain Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Vogelwarte RadolfzellRadolfzellGermany Charles Darwin Foundation Puerto AyoraSanta CruzGalapagosQuitoEcuador

The Galápagos are considered a model oceanic archipelago,with unique flora and fauna currently threatened by alien invasive species.Seed dispersal is an important ecosystem function with consequences for plant population dynamics and vegetation structure.Hence,understanding the seed dispersal abilities of the assemblages of frugivores will inform scientists and managers of the dynamics of plant invasions and improve management planning.Here we provide the first comprehensive review of published information on frugivory and animal seed dispersal in the Galápagos.We collected data from a variety of sources,including notes of the first naturalist expeditions,gray literature available only in Galápagos collections,and peer-reviewed journal articles.plant–animal frugivorous interactions were retrieved from 43 studies and compiled into an interaction matrix describing 366 unique interactions.Most studies focused on fruit consumption as a driving force for natural selection,but seed fate was seldom considered.Although most(71%)of the interactions involved native plants,more than one-quarter(28%)involved introduced species.interactions involving birds are considerably more common than those of reptiles and mammals,probably reflecting a research bias towards birds.Despite the historical importance of the archipelago as the laboratory for evolutionary and ecological research,understanding of its seed dispersal systems is limited.We end the review by suggesting 3 priority areas of research on frugivory and seed dispersal in the Galápagos:(i)target research to close knowledge gaps;(ii)the use of a network approach to frame seed dispersal at the community level;and(iii)evaluation of the effect of seed dispersal as a selective pressure acting upon plants and frugivores.Finally,the output of this research has to be properly delivered to the Galápagos National Park Services to help increase management effectiveness.

关键词： conservation planning oceanic islands plant invasions plant-animal interaction seed predation

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Effects of Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity and Earthworms on Aboveground Biomass of Experimental plant Communities

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2021年第4期90卷 1259-1271页

作者： Simei Yao Yu Jin Limin Zhang Ningfei Lei Wei Xue Jinsong Chen Qian Zhang Feihai Yu College of the Environment Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059China Institute of Wetland Ecology&Clone Ecology Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and ConservationTaizhou UniversityTaizhou318000China College of Life Science Sichuan Normal UniversityChengdu610101China

Soil nutrients are commonly heterogeneously distributed and earthworms are one of the most common soil organisms.While effects of both soil nutrient heterogeneity and earthworms have been well studied,their interactive effect on plant community productivity has rarely been tested.In a greenhouse experiment,we constructed experimental plant communities by sowing seed mixtures of four grasses,two legumes and two forbs in either a heterogeneous soil consisting of low and high nutrient soil patches or a homogeneous soil where the low and high nutrient soil patches were evenly mixed.The earthworm Eisenia fetida was either added to these soils or not.Aboveground biomass of the whole communities,grasses and legumes did not differ between the homogeneous and heterogeneous soils or between the soils with and without earthworms.However,soil nutrient heterogeneity reduced aboveground biomass of forbs,and such an effect did not interact with earthworms.In response to soil heterogeneity and earthworms,biomass ratio of the three functional groups showed similar patterns as that of their biomass.At the patch level,aboveground biomass of the whole community,grasses and legumes were greater in the high than in the low nutrient soil patches within the heterogeneous soil.A similar pattern was found for the forbs,but this was only true in the absence of earthworms.Our results suggest that soil nutrient heterogeneity and earthworms may not influence aboveground biomass of plant communities,despite the fact that they may modify the growth of certain plant functional groups within the community.

关键词： Environmental heterogeneity foraging response functional group plant-animal interaction yield

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Weak correlation of flower color and nectar-tube depth in temperate grasslands

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Journal of plant Ecology 2017年第2期10卷 397-405页

作者： Julia Binkenstein Martina Stang Julien P.Renoult H.Martin Schaefer Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacher Straße 479106 FreiburgGermany Section plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Institute of Biology LeidenLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722300 RA LeidenThe Netherlands Institute of Arts Creation Theory and Aesthetics UMR 8218-CNRS47 r.des bergers75015 ParisFrance Fundacion Jocotoco Lizardo GarcíaE9-104 y Andrés XauraP.O.Box 17-16-337QuitoEcuador

Aims Nectar is one of the most common floral rewards offered to pol-linators by plants.Depending on the plant species,nectar is offered openly or in tubes of various lengths restricting accessibility of this resource for flower visitors with short mouthparts.if attract-ing pollinators that match floral morphology increases pollination efficiency,flowers could profit from signaling nectar-tube depth to pollinators.Since flower colors are important signals in plant-pol-linator communication,we investigated whether and which differ-ent chromatic or achromatic aspects of flower color might indicate nectar-tube depth or whether flower colors facilitate the differen-tiation between flowers with long nectar tubes by means of high chromatic uniqueness.Methods To this end,we collected flower reflectance spectra of 135 grassland plant species.We analyzed flower colors as raw reflectance spectra in principal component analysis(PCA)and in the color space of honeybees.Important Findings The correlation between flower colors and tube depths was weak.From the bee’s point of view,blue flowers had on average deeper tubes than green,blue-green and UV-green flowers potentially allow-ing insects to predict tube depths based on blue color.Spectral purity did not correlate with nectar-tube depth,nor did the chromatic uniqueness of flower colors in the honeybee color space.Dominant wavelength showed a significant but very weak correlation with tube depth.The achromatic green contrast decreased with increasing tube depth as did brightness;thus deep tubes were less conspicuous than shallow tubes.Chromatic components resulting from PCA did not or only slightly correlate with tube depth.Our results illustrate that flower colors may have a certain potential to indicate tube depth,i.***.nectar accessibility,from a bee’s perspective.

关键词： vision pollination efficiency plant-animal interaction nectar tube depth

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To eat or not to eat-relationship of lichen herbivory by snails with secondary compounds and field frequency of lichens

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Journal of plant Ecology 2015年第6期8卷 642-650页

作者： Steffen Boch Markus Fischer Daniel Prati Institute of plant Sciences and Botanical Garden University of BernAltenbergrain 213013 BernSwitzerland

Aims The biochemical defense of lichens against herbivores and its rela-tionship to lichen frequency are poorly understood.Therefore,we tested whether chemical compounds in lichens act as feeding defense or rather as stimulus for snail herbivory among lichens and whether experimental feeding by snails is related to lichen fre-quency in the field.Methods In a no-choice feeding experiment,we fed 24 lichen species to snails of two taxa from the Clausilidae and Enidae families and compared untreated lichens and lichens with compounds removed by acetone rinsing.Then,we related experimental lichen consump-tion with the frequency of lichen species among 158 forest plots in the field(schwäbische alb,germany),where we had also sampled snail and lichen species.Important findings In five lichen species,snails preferred treated samples over untreated controls,indicating chemical feeding defense,and vice versa in two species,indicating chemical feeding stimulus.Interestingly,com-pared with less frequent lichen species,snails consumed more of untreated and less of treated samples of more frequent lichen spe-cies.removing one outlier species resulted in the loss of a significant positive relationship when untreated samples were analyzed separately.However,the interaction between treatment and lichen frequency remained significant when excluding single species or including snail genus instead of taxa,indicating that our results were robust and that lumping the species to two taxa was justified.our results imply lichen-feeding snails to prefer frequent lichens and avoid less frequent ones because of secondary compound rec-ognition.This supports the idea that consumers adapt to the most abundant food source.

关键词： acetone rinsing biodiversity exploratories defense strategies gastropoda herbivore resistance lichenivory mollusk grazing plant-animal interaction

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New Reports of Spiders in Three Mexican Ant-Acacias

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Open Journal of Ecology 2021年第1期11卷 32-40页

作者： Sandra Luz Gómez-Acevedo Unidad de Morfología y Función Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City México

The richness of spider species on the foliage of Mexican ant-acacias in Los Tuxtlas (Veracruz), and Santiago Pinotepa Nacional (Oaxaca) was documented. A total of 11 species, grouped into five families were found;in Los Tuxtlas five species representing two families were identified, whereas in Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, the number of taxa was eight, belonging to five families. The richness of spiders in Santiago Pinotepa Nacional was higher than that found in Los Tuxtlas. In both locations Nephila clavipes Linnaeus and Eustala illicita O. Pickard-Cambridge, both from Araneidae, were found;these species had been previously reported as common inhabitants of Central American ant-acacias. The presence of E. illicita in Mexican myrmecophytic acacias was confirmed. A total of 10 species grouped into five families are reported for the first time inhabiting Mexican ant-acacias, increasing the richness of spider interactions documented in Mexico. This study showed that the occurrence of spiders in the Vachellia-Pseudomyrmex mutualism system has been overlooked and is likely more common than what has been reported until now. This opens an opportunity for the study of the evolution of spider-ant-plant interactions.

关键词： Myrmecophily Mutualism plant-animal interaction

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